중국이 해양을 통해 추구하는 강대국 상(像): 지역 강대국인가, 세계적 강대국인가
China’s Pursuit of Maritime Power and It's Goal : Regional Power or Global Power?
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중국이 해양을 통해 추구하는 강대국 상(像) 중국은 대륙국가적 특성과 해양국가적 특성을 고루 갖고 있다. 시진핑정부는 정부 출범 때부터 ‘중국몽’(中國夢)과 ‘중화민족의 부흥’을 제시하고, 그 구체적인 방안의 하나로 ‘해양강국’ 건설을 강조한 바 있다. 본 글은 중국이 제시한 해양강국 건설이 과거 초강대국 내지 패권으로 성공했던 국가들의 경로를 따라 세계적 강대국으로 나아가려는 것은 아닌가라는 생각에서 출발했다. 그리고 중국 내 국제정치학자들은 그러한 내용을어떻게 인식하고 있는지를 확인하고자 했다. 이를 위해 본 글은 우선 각 국가가 추구하는 목표에 따라 설정되는 대전략을 살펴본다. 아울러 해양력이란 해군력이 뒷받침되어야 하는 것이기 때문에, 군사전략을 검토하고, 군체제와 군현대화 내용을 검토한다. 이를 통해서중국 정부의 궁극적인 목표는 세계적 강대국을 지향하는 해양강국 건설임을파악했다. 끝으로 설문과 인터뷰를 통해 중국 내 학자들이 이러한 내용에대해 어떻게 인식하고 있는지를 확인했다. 그 결과 이들 학자들은 해양강국건설에 대해 부정적으로 보고 있고, 중국의 역할도 대체로 역내 강대국에국한시켜 인식하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 결과적으로 본 논문은 중국 지도부는 중화민족 부흥의 길이라는 슬로건을 제시하고, 해양강국 실현을 위한 노력을 하고 있지만, 중국 내 국제정치학자들은 그러한 목표를 시기상조나 불가능한 것으로 인식하고 있음을 제시한다. 즉 중국 지도부의 장기적인 구상과 국제정치학자들 간에 인식의 간극이 존재함을 보여준다.
Abstract
China has specific conditions and factors geographically: large territory and long coast line. In 2012, Xi Jinping put forward the notion of the "Chinese Dream"-achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Xi has embraced maritime power as an essential element of his “China Dream”. That might be derived from his reading of history that maritime power is a phenomenon associated with most of the world’s historically dominant powers. If so, maritime development is one of the most ambitious political goals and most challenging goals of the PRC’s strategy. This paper tries to comprehend the China’s pursuit of maritime power. In order to confirm that, this article looks at grand strategy that is set according to China's ultimate goals. And then it reviews the military strategy, the military system and modernization trends. This process makes us to confirm that the realization of a maritime power is not limited to the region. And then this study reaffirm the perception concerning this result, through the questionnaire from and in-depth interviews with political scientists at the various institutions and universities in Beijing and Shanghai.
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