戴德의 『喪服變除』와 前漢後期 禮學의 발전

Abstract

This thesis aims to verify the content of “Sandfubianchu” compiled by Daide during the time of Xuandi, to ascertain what timely needs it reflected, and to clarify its significance in the history of ritual in former Han period. The Shiquge meetings that started to be held at the time of Xuandi were needed in order to 'authenticate' the doctrines of Confucianism that could guarantee the legitimacy of the reign as the former Han period entered full scale into the era of Chinese Classics. In that sense, it is especially meaningful that the discussions on rituals were conducted in the meetings and they reached conclusions by royal edicts. Because it signifies that the rituals of the former Han period started to be recognized as concrete practical formality in the society beyond the royal boundary. If we look at “Shiqulilun” that contains the conclusion of the discussions on rituals during the subcommittee meetings where funeral costume manners are mainly found, the discussion at that time can be divided into two areas. One is a new interpretation of the regulations already set out in the book of Chinese Classics, and the other is the discussions on the rituals that do not appear in the book. In other words, the participants of the Shiquge meetings either re-interpreted the book of Chinese Classics, or set the new rules of conduct according to the change of the times. This proves that the rituals had secured their position as the rules of conduct in the whole society in the later days of the former Han period. Such needs of the time, on the other hand, produced the very first funeral costume book, and that is “Sandfubianchu” by Daide. The “Sandfubianchu” was not a book for an interpretation of the doctrines of Confucianism, but had the characteristics of a manual in which concrete guidelines for the funeral costume can be found. Therefore, the guidelines for funeral costume required at the time or the new guidelines in demand to meet the changes in social relations take up the majority of its content. Especially, a few rules are closely related to the national characteristics of the former Han period that was based on Qimin rule. This signifies rituals are the reflection of the reality of the time. Then, we also can find special content in “Sandfubianchu”, and that is the rules for ritual costume on the part of emperor for his vassal. As is well known, among the regulations on ritual costumes in “Sandfu” of ‘Yili’, the rules of ritual costume for the political relations were completely the rules for the vassal to serve the monarch. However, Daide described the rules for the emperor to put on ritual costume for the vassal. In other words, Daide prepared the emperor's proper attire for his vassal to show that even if their positions were lower than his, as the executors of political actions that were equal to the emperor, they needed to receive proper political respect. And he also insisted that from the low grade official to the position of emperor, the same execution of the ritual had to be conducted, and he also emphasized the general adaptation of rituals. This shows that the rituals were used in order to dissipate the transcendental authority of the emperor and on the other hand, were developed into the structure of moral hierarchy of the social members and the classification of the social standing.