조선전기 畿甸의 馬牧場 설치

Abstract

In Joseon, after the transfer of the capital to Hanyang, 8 horse ranches in the national capital area including 4 in Yangju-bu and 4 in Gwangju-mok, were built to protect the royal family and the capital, respond to Ming’s request for horses, and conquer the Manchu. In Yangju-bu, Jeongot and Nogyang Ranches were built, and in Imjin-hyeon, Yangju-bu, Hogot and Baegandugon Ranches were consructed. In Gwangju-mok, Majeonpo and Jopopyeong Ranches, and in Geumcheon-hyeon, Gwangju-mok, Dalchon and Saoipo Ranches were built. Their roles, however, were different. Jeongot Ranch was for royal riding, Nogyang and Saoipo Ranches for military purposes, and the other 5 ranches including Hogot for National Horses. Jeongot Ranch, producing royal horses for kings, was located in the east of the capital, an area including Seongdong-gu, Gwangjin-gu, and Jungnang-gu in current Korea. This ranch was contributed to the protection of the royal family and the capital by selecting royal horses for kings and carrying out military training and hunting. And, in this ranch, Majodan, Seonmokdan, Masadan, and Mabodan were constructed, and horse rituals were held early for the sake of the health and breeding of horses. The first King, Taejo Seong-gye Ri had Jeongot Ranch built, and grew Naegu Horses at pasture, but peasants’ loss was little since the horses were put in cages at night. After King Taejo resigned, however, the horses came to frequently damage common people’s grains and fields. King Taejong extended the size of Jongot Ranch, and then sent all Naegu Horses there except 30 left in the palace, to greatly reduce the damages of the fields. Right after the movement of the capital to Hanyang, the government provided soldiers with unused land to let them grow horses. Such ranches were called military ranches. Of them, Nogyang Ranch in Yangju-bu was the biggest in size. In Nogyang Ranch, horses from Jung-gun and Jawa-gun out of Samgun were at pasture and in Saoipo Ranch in Geumcheon-hyeon, Gwangju-mok, those from U-gun grazed. As the military ranches accommodated many soldiers (Gapsa) from other areas of the country, they were called Gapsa Ranches. King Sejo reconstructed Nogyang Ranch, which had been ruined, as a way of military reform, but then the ranch was closed due to tiger damages. Since King Seongjong, illegal cultivation and house building frequently occurred. Since the 10th year of King Seongjong, courtiers struggled with each other between the claims for cultivation of the ranch and for inhibition of the cultivation. Owing to King Seongjong, who supported the latter claim, Nogyang Ranch was reconstructed. The 5 ranches, including Hogot, Baegandugon, Majeonpo, Jopopyeong, and Dalchon rather than Jeongot, Nogyang, and Saoipo Ranches in the capital area, were national ranches. The government supplied horses needed in protecting the capital and conquering the Manchu and responding to Ming’s request for horses. Hogot Ranch in Imjin-hyeon, Yangju-bu, in particular, was a royal riding ranch that supplied royal horses in the late Goryeo period. King Taejong tried to make Hogot Ranch a royal riding ranch, but gave up due to the petition by Saganwon. Later, Hogot Ranch produced one of the best breeds of horses in the nation along with Jangbongdo and Sindo Ranches in the Ganghwa Island, Anmyeongot Ranch in Taean, Chungcheong-do, and Jindo Ranch in Jeolla-do.