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개혁개방 이후 중국 재산소유권(property rights) 제도화의 이상과 현실: 누가 소유하는가?

The ideals and realities of the institutionalization of property rights after reform in China: who owns it?

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주제분류경제학

초록

본 연구는 뎀세츠의 ‘재산권은 권리 다발이면서 제도’라는 정의에 기초하여, 개혁개방 이후 중국 재산소유권의 제도화 및 재산권 사유화 과정에 따른 긴장 관계와 중국식 자본주의의 제도적 메커니즘을 설명하고자 했다. 재산권이론에 따르면, 개인 재산권의 보호를 둘러싸고 나타나는 정치구조와 규범과 재산권 제도가 국가마다 다르게 형성되었을 경우 경제성장의 동기 및 유인 구조 사이에서 분명한 차이가 나타난다. 역사적으로 근대 국가의 주요 기능은 확립된 법과 계약을 통해 재산권을 보호하는 것이었으며, 그럴 의지나 능력이 없는 국가는 약탈적이지 아니면 비효율적인 국가로 간주되었다. 중국은 2004년 헌법 개혁과 관련 법률 제도 개선을 통해 토지소유권 관리의 합리화 개혁으로 경제발전을 촉진하고자 했다. 그러나 시진핑 시대 들어 당·정 권력은 국가소유권과 민간기업에 대한 통제력을 강화하고, 기업지배구조에서 당 조직을 구축하는 방식으로 시장에 실질적으로 개입하고 있다. 또한, 사회주의 이념은 ‘절대주의 국가’로 하여금 농민으로부터 토지를 무상으로 취득할 수 있는 근거를 마련했다. 그 결과 중국 농민은 집체소유제로 정의된 재산소유권 제도로 인해 토지소유권을 상실하고, 토지를 하도급받는 도급계약 경영자의 신분에 머물러 있다. 궁극적으로, 공산주의의 완결된 형태인 민주주의를 추구한다는 중국에서 당·정체제의 국가 권력이 ‘한 사람’ 혹은 ‘하나의 통합체’로 집중되어 있어, 개인의 재산소유의 자유를 비롯한 개인의 권리가 국가가 정의한 법치에 따라 임의대로 집행되고 있는 것이 중국의 현실이다.

Abstract

Based on the definition that Demsetz's property rights paradigm, this study attempted to explain the institutionalization process of property ownership in China after the reform, and the institutional mechanism of Chinese-style capitalism. The theory of property rights explains that when the political structure and norms surrounding the protection of individual property rights and property rights systems are formed differently from country to country, there is a clear difference between the motivational and incentive structures for economic growth. Historically, the function of a modern state is to protect property rights through established laws and contracts, and a state that does not have the will or ability to do so is either predatory or inefficient. China's property rights system attempted to promote economic development by rationalizing land ownership management contract through constitutional reform in 2004 and improvement of related legal systems. However, in particular, the party-state power dealing with the Chinese economy during the Xi Jinping have since strengthened state ownership and control of private companies, and market intervention has actually been carried out through the form of control by establishing a party organization in corporate governance. In addition, socialist ideology provided a fundamental opportunity for the ‘absolutist state’ to acquire land from farmers for free, but Chinese farmers lose land ownership and are in the position of land contract managers who are subcontracted with land under the property ownership system defined as collective ownership. Ultimately, in China, which pursues democracy, the complete form of communism, the state power of the party-state system is concentrated as ‘one person’ or ‘one unity’, so personal rights, including freedom of individual property ownership, are arbitrarily enforced by the rule of law defined by the state.

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