인지 지도가 정말로 존재하는가? 햇살 미로 연구에 대한 역사적 고찰
A historical examination of the evidence for cognitive maps from studies using the sunburst maze
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초록
Tolman, Ritchie와 Kalish(1946a)는 미로학습을 한 쥐가 학습했던 경로가 차단되고 새로운 경로들이 생겼을 때 목표 상자로 가는 지름길을 선택할 수 있음을 보여주었다. 이 결과는 미로에서 쥐가 행동주의적인 S-R 이론에 따라 반응학습을 하는 게 아니라 미로 전체에 대한 인지 지도를 습득하는 장소학습을 한다는 것을 보여주는 강력한 증거로 간주되었다. 그러나 여러 후속 연구들이 이 결과를 재현하지 못했는데, 그런 사실은 1970년대 이후에 심리학을 배워서 대개 인지주의적 시각을 가진 현재의 심리학자들에게는 거의 알려져 있지 않다. 본 논문은 Tolman 등(1946a)의 연구 결과가 어떻게 반복검증에 실패했는지를 역사적으로 자세히 살펴봄으로써 심리학자들이 인지주의와 행동주의 사이에서 균형 잡힌 시각을 갖는 데 도움이 되고자 한다.
Abstract
Tolman, Ritchie and Kalish (1946a) showed that rats in a maze could take a shortcut to the goal box when the learned pathway was blocked and several new pathways installed. This finding seemed to reject the behavioristic theory that animals learn specific stimulus-response sequences in maze learning tasks, and provide a strong evidence that rats can have cognitive maps. However, several subsequent studies failed to replicate the finding, which is not generally known among psychologists. This paper aims to help students and young psychologists with strong cognitive orientation take a balanced view on behaviorism by showing that the behavior of rats in Tolman et al. (1946a)'s sunburst maze might be better explained in terms of S-R theory.
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