『에르데니인 톱치』가 전하는 北元 초기 대칸의 계보에 대한 비판적 검토 — 토구스 테무르는 토곤 테무르의 아들이 아님을 논함 —

Abstract

There are discrepancies in the genealogy of the early Northern Yuan among extant historical sources, due to the political turmoil in Mongolia which began with the fall of Khanbaliq in 1368 and culminated in the usurpation by Esen Taishi of Oyirad in 1453. Several scholars have attempted to establish a clear genealogy of the early Northern Yuan by examining Chinese, Mongolian, and Persian sources. However, the previous studies are flawed in their unfounded assumption that Toghus-Temür, the second Great Khan after the death of Toghon-Temür, was either his son or grandson. Following our recent paper that proves Toghus-Temür was not the grandson of Toghon-Temür, we would like to turn our attention to the theory that the former was the latter’s son. Chinese sources compiled in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries identify Toghus-Temür as the younger brother of Ayushiridara, i.e., son of Toghon-Temür. Without exception, this genealogy can be traced back to the Menggu yuanliu 蒙古源流, which was a revision of the Eredeni-yin Tobchi into Chinese by a Qing imperial order in the late eighteenth century. However, aside from the Erdeni-yin Tobchi, there are no other Mongolian chronicles from the seventeenth century that mention Toghus-Temür’s ancestry. Despite its lack of evidence, the genealogy from the Erdeni-yin Tobchi, which identifies almost all of the early Northern Yuan’s Great Khans as the descendants of Toghon-Temür, was widely accepted by the Mongolian ruling elite, who claimed to be the direct descendants of Khubilai. In contrast, the Chinese records written in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries attest to the fact that Ayushiridara was the only surviving son of Toghon-Temür at the time of the latter’s death. Furthermore, Toghus-Temür’s paternal lineage is not identified in the Timurid Persian sources compiled during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In conclusion, the theory that Toghus-Temür was the son of Toghon-Temür is nothing more than a myth that originated in the genealogy created by the Erdeni-yin Tobchi.