사상과 대학이 만났을 때: 19세기 말 윌리엄 제임스의 생리학적 심리학 사상과 찰스 윌리엄 엘리엇의 하버드 개혁 간 상호의존성
An Idea and a University: The Interdependent Relationship between William James’s Idea of Physiological Psychology and Charles William Eliot’s Educational Reform at Harvard in the Late Nineteenth Century
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이 연구에서는 찰스 윌리엄 엘리엇의 하버드대학 교육 개혁 초기 과정과 윌리엄 제임스의 생리학적 심리학 사상의 제도화 및 성장 과정 간 관계를 사회학적으로 분석한다. 이에 대한 연구는 드물 뿐만 아니라, 이를 다룬 기존 연구의 경우에도 제도가 사상 성장의 조건이 된다는 관점에 입각해 제임스의 사상을 엘리엇의 제도 개혁의 결과물로 설명하는 경향을 보인다. 이와 달리 이 연구에서는 제임스의 생리학적 심리학 강의 개설 과정이 곧 하버드 개혁의 걸림돌인 정신도덕철학자인 보웬의 권력 약화 과정이었음을 제시함으로써 양자의 상호 의존적 관계를 보여준다. 이를 통해 엘리엇의 개혁 없이는 제임스의 신심리학이 없었고, 제임스의 신심리학이 없었다면 엘리엇의 하버드 교육 개혁도 불가능했다고 논한다. 이를 기반으로 사상의 출현/성장과 제도의 출현/성장은 하나가 조건이 되고 다른 하나는 결과가 되는 일방적 관계가 아닌 상호 조건과 결과가 되는 상호의존적인 관계를 갖고 있다는 결론을 제시한다.
Abstract
This article is a sociological analysis of the relationship between Charles William Eliot’s educational reform at Harvard and William James’s idea of physiological psychology. The existing studies regard the successful establishment of James’s idea as a mere result of Eliot’s educational reform. In contrast, I argue that they were in an interdependent relationship. For this, I present that James and Eliot needed each other in order to weaken the power of a mental and moral philosopher, Francis Bowen, who was an obstacle to both of them. I conclude that a higher education system and an idea have an interdependent relationship, rather than a relationship in which one determines the other.
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