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미연방헌법 수정 제4조에 관한 미연방대법원 판결의 문제점

The United States Supreme Court Narrows Fourth Amendment Protection Despite Wide Public Distrust in Police

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초록

미국 수정헌법 제4조는 부당한 수색과 체포로부터 인간을 보호하고, 단지 사법적으로 허용되는 특정한 때에만 영장 없는 수색을 허용한다. Heien v. North Carolina 케이스에서, 미국 연방 대법원은 영장 없이 허용되는 수색의 범위를 확장하여 법 집행에 있어 법의 실수를 이에 포함시켰다. 이러한 결정에 앞서, 경찰관이 법을 잘못 알고 하는 체포나 수색은 일반적으로 위헌이라고 간주된다. 이러한 새로운 판례로 인해 법을 집행하는 경찰은 법에 대한 오해가 합리적인 것인 한 시민의 법위반이 없음에도 불구하고 수색을 할 수 있게 됐다. 권리장전과 유사하게 미국 수정헌법 제4조는, 과도하거나 부적절한 정부의 조치로부터 인간을 보호하기 위하여 만들어졌다. 2014년에, 경찰의 시민, 특히 유색인종에 대한 대응을 둘러싼 정치적 기류가 미국을 완전히 불안정하게 했다. 경찰에 의한 인종 프로파일링과 최근 비무장 시민의 살해와 관련한 지속적인 우려 때문에, 많은 사람은 사람을 위한 보호조치가 긴급히 필요하다고 믿는다. 인종 프로파일링과 조직적인 인종주의에 관한 불신과 우려를 나타낸 사람들에 더해서, 법을 집행하는 많은 경찰은 이러한 문제에 대한 공적인 대화에 대해 불만을 나타내고, 반대 시위에 대한 우려를 나타내며 폭발 직전의 여론의 다른 측면에 서 있는 사람들에 대하여 걱정하는 정치인들을 비판하는 성명을 발표했다. 대법원은 이러한 의견을 내면서 형사사법체계에서 분명하고 뻔한 문제를 다루는 데 실패했다. 이 논문은 미국 수정헌법 제4조의 역사를 설명하고, 영장 없는 정지 즉, Heien 판결과 사람들을 보호하는 매우 중대한 임무를 수행하는 데 실패한 대법원을 둘러싼 현재 문제를 설명할 것이다.

Abstract

The Fourth Amendment protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures, only allowing warrantless searches in certain judicially approved situations. In Heien v. North Carolina, the United States Supreme Court expanded allowable warrantless searches to include those based on a mistake of law by law enforcement. Prior to this decision, a police officer’s search or seizure premised on his mistake of law was typically held unconstitutional. This new precedent will allow law enforcement officers to conduct searches despite the fact that no violation of law has occurred, as long as the officer had a reasonable misunderstanding of the law. The Fourth Amendment, similarly to most of the Bill of Rights, was enacted to protect people from excessive or improper government actions. In 2014, the political climate surrounding police interactions with people, specifically people of color, in The United States has been in a state of complete unrest. With continued concerns regarding racial profiling and the recent killings of unarmed civilians at the hands of police officers, there are many in the public that believe that more protection for the people is urgently needed. In addition to those who have expressed distrust and concern regarding racial profiling and systematic racism, many law enforcement officers are also dissatisfied the public discourse regarding these matters, expressing their concerns with counter protests and public statements criticizing politicians who show concern for those on the “other side” of this volatile court of public opinion. The Supreme Court has failed to address the obvious and blatant issues in the Criminal Justice system by releasing this opinion. This article will explain the history of the Fourth Amendment, the current issues surrounding warrantless stops, the Heien decision and the failure of the Supreme Court to engage in a the vitally important task of protection of the people.

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