국제법상 국가의 천연자원에 대한 영구주권 원칙에 대한 고찰 ― 생물유전자원 및 관련 전통지식의 무단이용 규제를 중심으로 ―
Rhetoric and Reality of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources in terms of tackling biopiracy
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2차 세계대전 종식과 함께 탈식민지화가 일어나면서, 개발도상국들은 국가의 천연자원에 대한 영구주권 원칙을 주장해 왔으며 이에 따라 일부 국제환경협약 특히, 생물다양성협약 및 이에 따라 채택된 나고야 의정서에서도 근본 원칙 중 하나로써 해당 원칙을 규정하고 있다. 해당 원칙이 각종 국제협약 및 국제문서에서 채택된 가장 중요한 이유는 개발도상국들이 자신들의 영토내에 위치한 생물유전자원 및 관련 전통지식을 선진국으로부터 보호하고자 하는 것 즉, 생물유전자원 및 관련 전통지식의 무단이용을 규제하기 위함이었다. 그러나, 각종 국제법에서 해당 원칙이 채택되었음에도 불구하고 무단이용은 지속적으로 발생되어져 왔으며 이는 해당 원칙이 무단이용 규제라는 측면에 있어 문제가 있음을 보여준다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 국가의 천연자원에 대한 영구주권 원칙이 생물유전자원 및 관련 전통지식의 무단이용 규제라는 측면에 있어 문제점은 무엇인지 및 이를 해결하기 위해서 법체제가 어떻게 개선되어야 하는지 관해 논의해 보도록 하겠다.
Abstract
Since decolonization, the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources has been claimed by many decolonized countries and adopted in some international documents, including two comprehensive international biodiversity agreements, namely the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Nagoya Protocol. One of the most important reasons that the principle is adopted in the two biodiversity agreements would be that (developing) countries want to regulate the use of the resources in their territories and tackle so-called biopiracy. However, despite its explicit recognition of states’ permanent right to natural resources, the principle, or rhetoric has revealed many problems in tackling biopiracy. Therefore, based on the analysis of the rhetoric and some biopiracy cases, this article aims to discuss the difference between the rhetoric and reality of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources in terms of tackling biopiracy.
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