The complex role of extracellular vesicles in HIV infection
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During normal physiological and abnormal pathophysiologicalconditions, all cells release membrane vesicles, termed extracellularvesicles (EVs). Growing evidence has revealed that EVsact as important messengers in intercellular communication. EVs play emerging roles in cellular responses and the modulationof immune responses during virus infection. EVs contributeto triggering antiviral responses to restrict virus infectionand replication. Conversely, the role of EVs in the facilitationof virus spread and pathogenesis has been widely documented. Depending on the cell of origin, EVs carry effector functions fromone cell to the other by horizontal transfer of their bioactivecargoes, including DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. The diverse constituents of EVs can reflect the altered states ofcells or tissues during virus infection, thereby offering a diagnosticreadout. The exchanges of cellular and/or viral componentsby EVs can inform the therapeutic potential of EVs forinfectious diseases. This review discusses recent advances ofEVs to explore the complex roles of EVs during virus infectionand their therapeutic potential, focusing on HIV-1.
Abstract
During normal physiological and abnormal pathophysiologicalconditions, all cells release membrane vesicles, termed extracellularvesicles (EVs). Growing evidence has revealed that EVsact as important messengers in intercellular communication. EVs play emerging roles in cellular responses and the modulationof immune responses during virus infection. EVs contributeto triggering antiviral responses to restrict virus infectionand replication. Conversely, the role of EVs in the facilitationof virus spread and pathogenesis has been widely documented. Depending on the cell of origin, EVs carry effector functions fromone cell to the other by horizontal transfer of their bioactivecargoes, including DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. The diverse constituents of EVs can reflect the altered states ofcells or tissues during virus infection, thereby offering a diagnosticreadout. The exchanges of cellular and/or viral componentsby EVs can inform the therapeutic potential of EVs forinfectious diseases. This review discusses recent advances ofEVs to explore the complex roles of EVs during virus infectionand their therapeutic potential, focusing on HIV-1.
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