아이슬란드의 이름체계와 사회변화
The Icelandic Naming System and Social Changes
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이 글은 동아시아와는 역사문화적 맥락이 상당히 다른, 북유럽 지역의 아이슬란드 국가사례를 통해, 개인이름에 대한 통치가 어떻게 국민공동체를 운영하기 위한 문화정치의맥락을 가지는지를 질문한다. 19세기 이후 대두하는 아이슬란드의 민족주의는 언어와 역사, 문화 영역을 통해 전개되었고 이는 국가가 엄격하게 개인의 이름을 관리하는 이름정책으로 이어졌다. 글로벌 추세가 뚜렷해지는 1990년대에 이름위원회가 설립되고 “개인이름법”이 개정되어, 아이슬란드 문화 정체성을 가진 (외국 출신이 아닌) 국민에게 특히 더, 이름을 통해 아이슬란드어의 순수성을 지킬 의무가 부과되었다. 즉 부/모칭사를사용하는 이름체계를 유지하고 언어문법상 젠더가 판정된 이름등록부에서 자녀의 성별에 따라 이름을 선택해야 하는 제한이 가해졌다. 그러나 2010년대로 접어들면 아이슬란드 민족정체성을 가진 국민들의 자유가 더 제한된다는 비판이 나오면서 개인이름법에 대한 대대적인 개정작업이 예고된다. 이에 2019년에 통과된 “젠더자율법”은 개인이름법이 전제로 하는 젠더 이분법을 무용지물로 만들면서, 전통을 벗어나 탈근대적 차원에서 국가공동체의 정체성을 새로이 구축하려는 시도로 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
This article explores how governing personal names in Iceland contains the context of “cultural politics” to maintain the nation-state identity. Nationalism in Iceland, which emerged in the 19th century, has developed by the means of language, history, and cultural resources and has resulted in naming policies whereby the government strictly controls individuals’ names. In the 1990s, when globalization has taken hold, the Icelandic Naming Committee was established and the present Personal Names Act was enacted, imposing a heavier duty on the Icelandic people (without foreign background) to protect the purity of the Icelandic language through their names. In other words, restrictions were imposed on maintaining the patronymic/matronymic naming system and selecting names according to gender only from the personal name register where each name’s gender was already decided by grammatical gender rules. A person could petition the committee to add a new name to the register. By the 2010s, however, it earns criticism that this name law restricts the freedom of people of Icelandic heritage compared to people of foreign heritage in terms of selecting names. The Gender Autonomy Act of 2019 disables the gender binary which the naming law presupposes and will require a complete revision of the naming law. The enactment of the Gender Autonomy Act can be interpreted as an attempt to reconstruct the Icelandic national identity from a new dimension beyond tradition.
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