조선 세조 대 노산군의 영월행 검토 － 유배인가 유폐인가
Review of the lack of procedural legitimacy of the exile of Prince Nosan to Yeongwol during the reign of King Sejo of the Joseon Dynasty
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초록
세손-세자-즉위의 과정을 거친 조선의 제6대 임금 단종 이홍위는 숙부 수양대군의 이른바 ‘계유정난’ 후 상왕이 되었다. 이후 그를 복위시키려는 역모가 잇달아 발각되면서, 노산군으로 강등되어 강원도 영월로 출거당했다. 그리고 4개월여 만에 ‘스스로 목매어’ 죽었다. 본 논문은 절차적 정당성을 결여한 노산군의 영월행의 실상을 살펴 세조 대 역모의 공모자로 단죄당해 자책하며 떠난 노산군의 유배가 조선 후기 정치적 유폐를 당한 적통 임금의 고난으로 의미가 변화되었던 역사적 과정을 확인하려는 것이다.
Abstract
The sixth king of the Joseon dynasty, Danjong (Yi Hongwi), was born in the palace and, as the eldest grandson (wonson), was designated as the heir apparent (seson), eventually becoming the crown prince as the legitimate son of the reigning monarch. Upon the death of his father, he ascended the throne—marking the first instance since the founding of Joseon dynasty where a king succeeded directly as the legitimate heir of the reigning monarch. Having lost both parents and grandparents, and with only his elder sister, Princess Gyeonghye, remaining as kin, Yi Hongwi’s life was marked by isolation and hardship. His tribulations were compounded when, at the tender age of twelve, he ascended the throne and soon became engulfed in disgrace. The state affairs, monopolized by the State Councilors (Uijeongbu daesin) who wielded power under the pretext of “royal directives bearing the imperial seal” (hwangpyojeongsa), aligned themselves with Danjong’s uncle, Grand Prince Anpyeong. In stark contrast, another uncle, Grand Prince Suyang—who had transitioned from a royal kinsman to a political adversary—ultimately usurped power through a bloody coup, plunging Danjong into further ignominy. In the aftermath of the so-called Gyeyujeongnan (Coup of 1453), Danjong was compelled to employ only those recommended by Grand Prince Suyang, was stripped of military authority held by the Office of Supreme Command (Dotongsa) which was transferred to Suyang, and had to bear witness to Suyang’s dominance, marked by his military entourage and his command of the Inner Guards (Naegeumwi). Eventually, on the 11th day of the intercalary sixth month of 1455 (1st year of King Sejo’s reign), Danjong formally abdicated the throne to Sejo and became the Sangwang (Retired King). A year later, the conspiracy led by Seong Sam-mun was uncovered, followed by another a year after that, orchestrated by Song Hyeon-su. As a result, Danjong—implicated in these plots—was demoted to Prince Nosan and exiled to Yeongwol in Gangwon Province. Only four months after arriving in Yeongwol, allegedly due to Grand Prince Geumseong’s treason, Danjong “took his own life by hanging.” The Annals of King Sejo (Sejo Sillok) contain scarcely any record of Prince Nosan’s exile to Yeongwol or his death. This omission appears to be a deliberate measure aimed at legitimizing the Sejo regime. The brief mentions—referring only to Prince Nosan‘s “departure” to Yeongwol and the “self-inflicted” death —are clarified by the Annals of King Sukjong, which later confirm that an official order for forced suicide (sasa) had indeed been issued and that he was, in fact, murdered. The meaning and evaluation of Prince Nosan’s exile—an act devoid of procedural legitimacy—began to shift from the reign of King Jungjong, after most of Sejo’s meritorious retainers had passed from the scene. A growing view emerged, seeing Prince Nosan as the “rightful heir of the legitimate royal line.” This perspective culminated during King Sukjong’s reign with the posthumous rehabilitation of Seong Sam-mun and others, and in 1680—241 years after his deposition—Prince Nosan was officially recognized as King Danjong, the legitimate monarch. Consequently, Danjong’s 1457 departure to Yeongwol and residence, once condemned as a punitive exile for treason, was reinterpreted as the political seclusion of a rightful sovereign subjected to unjust hardship.