“독학 의학박사”의 자수성가기: 안과의사 공병우(1907-1995)를 통해 살펴 본 일제강점기 의료계의 단면
The First Korean Doctor of Medicine in Ophthalmology: Early Career of Kong Pyung Woo (1907-1995) as an Unusual Example of Medical Profession in Colonial Korea
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This article traces early career of Kong Pyung Woo, a public figure famous for being the first doctor of medicine in ophthalmology with Korean ethnicity in 1936, for founding and running the oldest and still the most successful private eye clinic in Korea since 1937, and also for his engagement in development of Korean mechanical typewriter since 1949. His case is an illustrative example of how a Korean under the Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945) could build up a career to become a medical doctor, taking full advantage of the chances available. Kong, born in 1907 in a rural province in northwestern Korea, acquired a doctor’s license in 1926 by passing the qualifying examination of the Government General in Korea. The qualification test was in itself an outcome of colonial education system, in which the supply of medical doctors by only a few tertiary schools could not meet the demands. After working for a state hospital for one year, Kong volunteered to be avisiting student at Keijo Medical College, to fulfill his dream of “becominga prominent bacteriologist like Noguchi Hideyo.” He was soon officiallyappointed as a tutor at Department of Ophthalmology, as he had beenendorsed by professor Satake Shyuichi for his diligence and earnestness. Satake also encouraged Kong to pursue a doctoral degree and recommendedhim to Tokumitsu Yoshitomi, a professor in the Department of Pathologyat Keijo Imperial University, so that Kong could experience cutting-edgeresearch at the imperial university. Kong reported on his experiments onthe pathology of chorioretinitis centralis by 1935. He submitted the reportsto Nagoya Imperial University, Japan, as a doctoral thesis, and eventuallyobtained the degree in 1936, which was the first Korean doctor of medicinein ophthalmology. The doctorate made Kong a public figure and he opened his own privateclinic in 1937. The Kong Eye Clinic was the first private eye clinic ownedand run by Korean, and soon became popular in Seoul. Kong’s fame as asuccessful practitioner gradually made him express his opinion on varioussocial issues. Kong did not hesitate to utilize his influence to advocatethe new “modern” way of living, with special emphasis on speed andefficiency. His engagement in typewriter business since 1949 may also beattributed to his firm belief in the value of speed and efficiency. Although he could not fulfill his dream of being an academic, Kong stillremains as an important figure in the history of medicine in modern Korea,not only for his publicity. By closely analyzing Kong’s personal story, onecan see various aspects of opportunities, personal networks, social norms,and limitations within the colonial setting.
Abstract
This article traces early career of Kong Pyung Woo, a public figure famous for being the first doctor of medicine in ophthalmology with Korean ethnicity in 1936, for founding and running the oldest and still the most successful private eye clinic in Korea since 1937, and also for his engagement in development of Korean mechanical typewriter since 1949. His case is an illustrative example of how a Korean under the Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945) could build up a career to become a medical doctor, taking full advantage of the chances available. Kong, born in 1907 in a rural province in northwestern Korea, acquired a doctor’s license in 1926 by passing the qualifying examination of the Government General in Korea. The qualification test was in itself an outcome of colonial education system, in which the supply of medical doctors by only a few tertiary schools could not meet the demands. After working for a state hospital for one year, Kong volunteered to be avisiting student at Keijo Medical College, to fulfill his dream of “becominga prominent bacteriologist like Noguchi Hideyo.” He was soon officiallyappointed as a tutor at Department of Ophthalmology, as he had beenendorsed by professor Satake Shyuichi for his diligence and earnestness. Satake also encouraged Kong to pursue a doctoral degree and recommendedhim to Tokumitsu Yoshitomi, a professor in the Department of Pathologyat Keijo Imperial University, so that Kong could experience cutting-edgeresearch at the imperial university. Kong reported on his experiments onthe pathology of chorioretinitis centralis by 1935. He submitted the reportsto Nagoya Imperial University, Japan, as a doctoral thesis, and eventuallyobtained the degree in 1936, which was the first Korean doctor of medicinein ophthalmology. The doctorate made Kong a public figure and he opened his own privateclinic in 1937. The Kong Eye Clinic was the first private eye clinic ownedand run by Korean, and soon became popular in Seoul. Kong’s fame as asuccessful practitioner gradually made him express his opinion on varioussocial issues. Kong did not hesitate to utilize his influence to advocatethe new “modern” way of living, with special emphasis on speed andefficiency. His engagement in typewriter business since 1949 may also beattributed to his firm belief in the value of speed and efficiency. Although he could not fulfill his dream of being an academic, Kong stillremains as an important figure in the history of medicine in modern Korea,not only for his publicity. By closely analyzing Kong’s personal story, onecan see various aspects of opportunities, personal networks, social norms,and limitations within the colonial setting.
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