‘기업과 인권’이 기업변호사와 로펌에 제기하는 기회와 도전
Opportunities and Challenges for Business Lawyers and Law Firms Opened up by ‘Business and Human Rights’ Movement
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흔히 인권옹호는 변호사 직무의 본질을 이룬다고 한다. 하지만 변호사 실무에서 인권이란 단어는 존재감이 거의 없다. 이런 경향은 기업변호사나 로펌의 경우 더 명백하다. 이른바 인권변호사의 경우에도 인권이란 ‘법적’ 권리의 옹호 이상의 의미를 가지지 않는다. 본고는 제한적이나마 이런 상황이 변화하고 있다는 것을 보이고자 한다. 이를 위해서 전세계의 주요 변호사협회가 최근에 발표한 자료들을 검토했다. 기업변호사와 로펌이 인권을 다루게 된 것은 기업들 사이에서 ‘기업과 인권(business and human rights, 이하 BHR)’ 관념이 점점 확고하게 자리잡기 시작했기 때문이다. 특히 2011년 ‘유엔 기업과 인권 이행원칙(UN Guiding Principles on BHR, 이하 UNGP)’의 등장은 BHR의 확산에 결정적으로 기여했다. UNGP 이후 각국은 적극적인 BHR입법 및 정책을 펼치고 있고, 기업도 이런 변화에 적응하기 위해서 노력하고 있다. 기업들, 특히 거대 다국적 기업들이 UNGP로 대표되는 BHR의 실천으로 나서는 상황은 기업변호사와 로펌에게 특별한 기회와 도전거리를 제공한다. 기업변호사와 로펌이 BHR로 인해 기회를 갖게 된다는 것은 BHR이 수익을 낳는 사업기회를 제공한다는 측면이다. 로펌은 빠르게 확산되는 BHR법제에 관한 법률 자문을 제공함으로써 기업을 도울 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라 법제화와 무관하게 인권리스크를 관리하려는 기업 측의 요구에 대응하는 법률서비스를 제공할 수도 있다. 이처럼 BHR은 새로운 법률시장의 등장을 의미하는 것이기 때문에 기업변호사나 로펌으로서는 이를 거부할 수 없게 된다. 동시에 기업변호사와 로펌은 전에 없던 도전거리도 갖게 된다. 즉, BHR은 법과 비법의 경계를 넘나드는 복잡하고 어려운 사업영역이 될 것이기 때문에 특별한 능력을 개발하여야 한다. 뿐만 아니라 BHR은 로펌에게도 인권존중책임의 실천을 요구하는 방향으로 전개되고 있다. 즉, 로펌은 의뢰인의 인권침해에 도움을 주어서도 안 되고, 인권침해를 묵과해도 안 된다는 것이다. 이런 변화는 BHR의 상업화, 전문화, 주류화를 낳으면서 로펌이 법실무에서 인권옹호 활동을 하게 된다는 것을 의미한다. 이처럼 BHR에 로펌이 진출하는 것은 명분과 실리를 모두 얻는 일이다. 이런 점에서 우리나라 기업변호사와 로펌, 그리고 변호사협회의 적극적인 대응이 필요할 것으로 본다.
Abstract
Protection of human rights is often cited as one of the core values of legal profession. Human rights, however, rarely have a practical implication in legal practice, which is even more so in the legal practice of business lawyers and law firms. Even for so-called human rights lawyers, human rights mean no more than protecting ‘legally enforceable’ rights of the weak. This article shows the emerging changes with respect to the integration of human rights into legal practices, by reviewing reports and declarations published by major lawyer associations all over the world. The impetus that lawyers, especially business lawyers and law firms, come to deal with human rights in their practice comes from the fact that more and more business corporations are taking ‘business and human rights (hereinafter BHR)’ seriously. In expanding the notion of BHR, the role played by ‘the UN Guiding Principles on BHR (hereinafter UNGPs)’ can not be underestimated. the UNGPs pushed major states to adopt BHR legislations and regulations, and global corporations began to respond to them by incorporating BHR in their business activities. The change that business corporations, including biggest multinational enterprises, come to embrace the value and methodology of BHR and UNGPs opens up unprecedented opportunity and challenges for business lawyers and law firms that provide legal advices for such corporations. Business lawyers and law firms can take the chance by helping corporations with human rights due diligence in addressing ‘non-legal’ human rights risks, as well as by providing professional advices on ‘legal’ risk caused by BHR regulations. At the same time, business lawyers and law firm are facing challenges in entering the new field. They need to enhance their capabilities to deal with highly complicated and uncharted BHR issues, which are not always legal in nature. In addition, law firms themselves are expected to respect human rights as recommended by UNGPs. At least in principle, law firms should avoid not only contributing to human rights violations committed by their clients but also leaving their clients’ human rights abuses untouched. Here we see a trend of the commercialization, specialization and mainstreaming of BHR, with business lawyers and law firms actively engaged in the protection of human rights as their business as usual. Well-prepared law firms will benefit from the changes, financially as well as reputationally. As such, urgent initiatives are expected from Korean business lawyers and law firms, and from Korean Bar Association as well.
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