미얀마 천연가스의 정치경제학
The Political Economy of Natural Gas in Myanmar
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Abstract
The recent situation under the dearth of fossil-fuels on the global scale has provided the opportunities to stabilize the turbulent international relations of Myanmar for its military regime, having the surrounding nations against it for its harsh and authoritarian rule. The natural gas having been produced since 2000 in Myanmar is emerging not merely as a product of treasure to fill up the destitute finance, but also as a political reliefer to help the military leaders being placed in predicaments. In the latter perspective, the paper examines the real facet of the natural resource serving as a tool seeming like multipurpose key to the complex political and economic aspects in contemporary Myanmar. First of all, the military regime has been greatly helped to reconstruct the international relations by the accumulative foreign investment and increasing trade from the neighboring nations, Thailand, China, and India, which are supplied with the natural gas. The junta benefits enormously from the rivalry between China and India. In this paper a model of mandala is proposed to show the complicate relations between Myanmar and peripheral nations. As a result, stimulated by the development and production of natural gas, the confident regime has seized the frontier areas, specifically eastern parts along the Thai border, where various ethnic minorities have lived up to their traditional ways of life. As a matter of fact, the internal displacement in the areas has been occurring in favor of constructing power plants or connecting gas pipelines ever since 2000, resulting in over 200,000 refugees crossing over to Thailand. The military regime might regard it as a sort of pacification for the first time after the independence. It should be noted, however, that the ethnic conflict may repeatedly happen in reflecting the modern history of Myanmar as the current military leaders pursue its own purpose of authoritarian rule. In these respects, whether the natural gas is beneficial or harmful to the future of Myanmar, the political situation of the regime at a first glance seems to be dependent on the attitudes and roles of neighboring countries under no other solutions. As they do not seem to play their own role for Myanmar's political improvement, it is suggested that the schedule of the road-map for democracy should be rather encouraged and promoted to proceed on right time so that the constitutional rule, notwithstanding its absurd, irrational contexts, be readily established to start the civil, though ostensible, government by election to be held.
참고문헌 (52)
- AFP, "Myanmar Rejects Bangladesh Request for Gas", ~ (2008)
- AFP, "US Not to Lift Myanmar Sanctions in Review: Official", ~ (2009)
- Altsean, "From Russia with Love: More Weapons for the SPDC", Burma Briefing: Issues and Concerns, 3 (2006)
- Andrus, J. R, "Burmese Economic Life" (1948), Stanford University Press
- "A Closer Look at Burma's Ethnic Minorities"[URL]
- Bennison, J. J, "Census of India, 1931: Volume XI Burma Part I.-Report" (1933), Office of the Supdt., Govt. Printing and Stationery
- Analysis of the SPDC's Constitution from the Perspective of Human Rights, "Burma Lawyers' Council(BLC)", ~, pp.Lawka Pala No. 30 (2008)
- Central Statistical Organization(CSO), "Statistical Yearbook", CSO
- Cloud, David, "Bush Imposes New Sanctions on Myanmar", New York Times October, 20 (2007)
- "Statistics: Myanmar Foreign Investment Rises Sharply in 2008"[URL]
- Devare, Sudhir, "& Southeast Asia: Towards Security Convergence" (2006), Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
- "Doe V. Unocal Case History"[URL]
- Egreteau, Renaud, "India's Ambitions in Burma", Asian Survey, 48(6), pp.936~957 (2008)
- EIU, "Country Profile 2007: Myanmar(Burma)" (2007), The Economist Intelligence Unit
- Erlanger, Steven, "Clinton Approves New U.S. Sanctions against Burmese", New York Times April, 22 (1997)
- Fong-Sam, Yolanda, "The Mineral Industry of Burma" (2007), Burma. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior
- Ghai, Yash. n.a, "The 2008 Myanmar Constitution: Analysis and Assessment" (2008), Unpublished Manuscript
- Hadar, Leon, "U.S. Sanctions against Burma", Trade Policy Analysis, 1 (1998)
- Htin Kyaw, "Foreign Trade Breaks $11b Barrier before End of Fiscal Year", The Myanmar Times, 24(46) (2009)
- Human Rights Watch, "Burma: Gem Trade Bolsters Military Regime, Fuels Atrocities" (2007), Human Rights News
- Humphries, Conor, "Russia to Build Nuclear Centre in Sanctions-Hit Burma", The Shwe Gas Bulletin, 2(10), pp.7~ (2007)
- Imle, John F, "Multinationals and the New World of Energy Development: A Corporate Perspective", Journal of International Affairs, 53(1), pp.263~280 (1999)
- Internal Displacement Profile(IDP), "Myanmar: No End in Sight for Internal Displacement Crisis" (2009), Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Irrawaddy, "Burma's Nuclear Ambition", The Irrawaddy, 15(6) (2007)
- Khin Maung Win, U, "Myanmar Roadmap to Democracy: The Way Forward", A Paper read on the Seminar on Understanding Myanmar, Myanmar Institute of Strategic and International Studies (2004)
- Leach, E. R, "Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure" (1977), Athlone Press
- Lords of Jade: Mismanaging Myanmar's Natural Resources, "Levesque, Julien", ~, pp.IPCS Issue Brief No. 60 (2008)
- "Senior U.S. Diplomat Makes a Trip to Myanmar"[URL]
- Myanmar Times, "Gem Sales Earn Myanmar $191 million", 24(464) (2008)
- Nance, S. L, "Unplugging Thailand, Myanmar Energy Deals", Asia Times (2006)
- "The New Light of Myanmar", 영자 미얀마 국영신문, ~
- Pounhneikye-Hnin-Saouk-Htoukwayyay-Loukngang,
- "Myanmar on Laughing Gas"[URL]
- Shee, Poon Kim, "The Political Economy of China-Myanmar Relations: Strategic and Economic Dimensions", Ritsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies, 1, pp.33~53 (2002)
- Shwe Gas Movement(SGM), "Year 2007: MPRL and China Heighten Burma's Energy Sector", The Shwe Gas Bulletin, 2(7), pp.8~ (2007)
- Shwe Gas Movement(SGM), "Thailand's PTTEP Has Discovered Gas in Burma", The Shwe Gas Bulletin, 2(7), pp.8~ (2007)
- Shwe Gas Movement(SGM), "Burma's FDI More Than Doubled: Thailand Is the Largest Investor", The Shwe Gas Bulletin, 3(2), pp.6~ (2008)
- "The Shwe Project"[URL]
- Burma: The Changing Nature of Displacement Crises, "South, Ashley", Refugee Studies Center, University of Oxford, ~, pp.RSC Working Paper No. 39 (2007)
- Tambiah, S. J, "World Conqueror & World Renouncer" (1976), Cambridge University Press
- Taylor, R. H, "The State in Myanmar" (2009), Hurst & Company
- Thailand Burma Border Consortium(TBBC), "Programme Report: July to December 2007" (2007), Thailand and Burma Border Consortium
- Taylor, R. H, "Internal Displacement in Eastern Burma: 2007 Survey" (2007), Thailand and Burma Border Consortium
- Total, "Total in Myanmar: A Sustained Commitment" (2008), Unpublished Booklet
- Turnell, Sean, "Burma's Insatiable State", Asian Survey, 48(6), pp.958~976 (2008)
- "The Downfall of Gen. Khin Nyunt"[URL]
- Wellner, Pamela, "A Pipeline Killing Field: Exploitation of Burma's Natural Gas", The Ecologist, 24(5), pp.189~193 (1994)
- "The Downfall of Gen Khin Nyunt"[URL]
- Ye Lwin, "Govt Dominates Foreign Trade as Gas Sales Pump up Exports", The Myanmar Times, 19(369) (2007)
- Ye Lwin, "Trade Tipped to Hit $8 Billion This Year", The Myanmar Times, 19(367) (2007)
- 工藤年博, "ミャンマ-經濟の實像" (2008), アジア經濟硏究所