선상 밀항자 처리에 관한 법률적 검토
A Legal Analysis on Handling of Stowaways on Board
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밀항자는 선박의 역사만큼 그 역사가 길다. 또 국내적 어려움을 피하여 다른 나라로 탈출하고자 하는 수많은 잠재적 밀항자가 존재하는 한 앞으로도 밀항은 근절하기 어려울 것이다. 밀항자는 2004년 국제항해선박 및 항만시설보안규칙(ISPS Code)의 도입으로 다소 주춤하였으나 이후 다시 증가하여 2009년에는 1,000명 이상을 기록하였다. 국제적으로 발생하는 밀항자의 수를 고려할 때 선장은 자신의 선박에 밀항자가 발생할 수 있다는 생각을 가지고 항상 선박보안에 각별한 주의를 기울여야 한다. 선장의 주의에도 불구하고 선박에서 일단 밀항자가 발견되면 그 처리가 쉽지 않다. 밀항자는 국제적으로 국제인권법, 국제난민법과 맞물려 있으며, 각국의 밀항자 처리정책은 조금씩 차이가 있어 정확히 알기 어렵다. 더욱이 선장의 처리가 미숙할 경우 국제적인 정치문제가 될 수 있으며, 선주는 경제적으로 큰 손실을 입을 수도 있다. 그러나 안타깝게도 밀항자 처리에 관하여 선장이 도움을 받을 수 있는 자료는 국내외적으로 매우 부족한 실정이다. 이를 개선하고자 이 연구에서는 밀항자의 처리와 관련된 국제법적 체제는 물론 주요 해운국가의 체제를 종합적으로 살펴본다. 아울러 선장의 입장에서 선박에서 발생하는 밀항자의 선내 노동, 구금, 입항국의 입항거부, ISPS Code와의 관계 등 각종 법률적 문제에 대하여 검토하고자 한다.
Abstract
The history of stowaways is long as is that of ships. As long as there are a lot of potential stowaways over the world who want to escape their domestic difficulties at whatever the cost, it would be practically impossible to completely prevent the stowaways from sneaking into ships. With the introduction of ISPS Code in 2004, the number of stowaways decreased considerably. However, it began to increase and reached more than 1,000 in 2009. Considering the huge number of stowaways in a year, shipmasters have to pay much attention not to have unwelcome guests on their vessels. Once stowaways are found on board ships, it is very difficult to handle them properly: international regimes such as international human rights laws and international refugee laws are interwoven with stowaways. Sometimes, different interpretations of those conventions by national authorities delay the early disembarkation of stowaways at ship's first port of call. Further, master's inappropriate treating of stowaways could cause international political backlash and result in economic losses to shipowners. Regretably, we have limited number of legal references on stowaways to consult with. In this regard, this analysis will examine the international and some selected national regimes that deal with stowaways. After that, this analysis will consider legal implications of masters' actions that they would be taken when they have stowaways on their vessels. Those include stowaways' wok on board, detention of stowaways, reaction against the denial of ship's entry to ports, and implementation of ISPS Code.
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