21세기 중국의 외교정책: 국내외적 환경변화와 전략과 목표를 중심으로
Chinese Foreign Policy in the 21st Century, international, domestic and strategic constraints
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20세기 후반의 50여년 동안 마오쩌둥, 덩샤오핑, 장쩌민, 후진타오로 이어지는 권력승계와 함께 점진적이고 중요한 중국 외교정책의 변화는 국제정치이론적인 측면뿐만 아니라 21세기 중국의 외교 행위와 관련하여 중요한 의미를 가진다. 중국 외교정책의 투입과정에 영향력을 행사할 수 있는다양한 국내적 국제적인 요인들이 증가하였다. ‘제4세대’지도자들은 집단지도체제를 통하여 권력의 분산과 협의의 통치를 통해 중국 정치과정의 제도화와 엘리트 민주주의를 더욱 촉진시키고, 개방적인 대외인식을 바탕으로 중국의 국제사회 편입을 가속화시킬 것으로 평가받는다. 중국 외교정책의 결정과정에 참여하고 영향력을 행사하는 중국의 관료기구와 전문가는다양해지고, 복잡해지는 양상을 보이게 되었다. 민족주의의 표출 등 국내여론이 외교정책결정과정에서 갖는 상대적 중요성은 증대되었고, 개혁개방의 과정에서 성정부의 이해관계와 역할이 증대되면서 외교정책에 영향력을 행사하는 새로운 행위자로 등장하였다. 경제적 상호의존성이 심화되는 국제체제의 구조와 환경, 군축, 인권 등 국제레짐은 중국이 고려해야될중요한 국제적 환경요인이 되었다. 대만문제와 같은 주권과 영토문제, 현실주의적 사고 등 중국 외교정책의 변화하지 않는 지속성을 간과해서는 안되지만, 중국이 국제체제에 편입하면서 그 제약조건에 순응하면서 대응하고자 했던 변화의 폭과 내용을 과소평가할 수는 없다. 중국 외교정책의 목적은 주권과 영토보전, 국가통일(대만문제), 사회주의 체제와 이데올로기유지라 할 수 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위한 중국 외교정책의 전략은첫째, 현대화와 경제발전에 유리한 평화롭고 안정적인 국제환경을 조성하고, 둘째, 미국을 중심으로 한 서구세력의 봉쇄정책을 저지하고 국제적 영향력을 확대하며, 셋째, 오랜 현대화의 숙원인 중국식 사회주의 건설을 통해 강대국의 위상을 되찾는 것이다. 21세기 세계화시대 중국 외교정책은국제레짐과 다자기구 등을 통해서 주변국들과 평화와 번영을 위한 공통의이해관계를 형성하기 위한 노력을 요청받고 있다.
Abstract
The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a gradual and important change in the Chinese foreign policy-making process as it successively moved through the eras of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao. This shift is not only of theoretical importance but also has significant consequence for China's international behavior in the early twenty-first century. The fourth Generation leadership is estimated to promote political institutionalization and elite democracy by means of collective power distribution and consensus building. With the new generation's open mindset toward the world, diversification of foreign policy organs have made China more participant and its policy more complicated. Public opinion, often expressed by nationalism, and decentralized, relatively autonomous, province government are playing more important roles in foreign policy-making process. International system, economic interdependence and international regimes such as environment, arms control and human rights, are getting more significant factors that China should face. Although we should see the persistent factors of Taiwan issue, sovereignty and realpolitik thinking in Chinese foreign policy, we can not underestimate the positive consequences. The purpose of Chinese foreign policy is to preserve national sovereignty, territorial integrity including unification with Taiwan and socialist system. China's strategy is to firstly sustain peaceful environment for economic development, secondly to derail western containment and increase international influential power, and thirdly to become great power, longtime dream since opium war. Chinese foreign policy in the age of globalization is required to create common interest for international peace and prosperity in the framework of multilateralism and international regime.
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