울란바토르 게르촌 여성 이주민의 생애사에 얽힌 리질리언스 요인 연구
Resilience to Socioecological Changes among Female Migrants in Ger Districts in Mongolia
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초록
울란바토르는 몽골이 사회주의 체제였던 시기에 향후 추정 인구수를 바탕으로 건설된 계획도시였다. 사회구조 변화와 기후변화로 도시화가 급속히 진행되면서 오늘날 시 외곽에는 비공식 주거시설로 이루어진 게르촌이 확대되고 있다. 이 지역은 기반시설이 미치지 못해 거주환경이 열악하며, 거주민은 대부분 빈곤하다. 본 연구는 몽골의 도시화 과정에서 도시 변두리로 이주한 유목민의 빈곤 리질리언스 요인을 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 울란바토르의 대표적인 게르촌 두 지역 중 하나로 알려진 Bayanzurkh구에 거주하는 이주민 여성 5명을 대상으로 생애사를 수집하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 이주민 여성들은 가용한 자연적 자본, 사회적 자본, 문화적 자본, 재정적 자본을 병행하여 전략적으로 적용함으로써 도시 빈민층 밀집 거주 지역에서 빈곤과 기후변화에 대한 취약성을 극복하고 있었다. 특히 전통적 생계방식과 종교관, 친족과의 네트워크, 몽골정부의 토지 사유화 정책이 이주민 여성의 삶에 복합적으로 버팀목으로 작용한다. 연구 결과는 도시 기반시설의 부족으로 울란바토르의 도시재개발에 대한 논의가 이루어지는 가운데, 도시계획 과정에 지역주민의 삶에 대한 사회생태적 경험과 염원을 반영하기 위한 시사점을 제공한다.
Abstract
Mongolia faces social and ecological threats from climate change to the extent that climate change vulnerability is ranked eighth in the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the foundation of the geography that nomads who lost their means of living due to abnormal weather and moved to the outskirts of the city adapt to the city. To this end, the life history of five migrant women living in Bayanzurkh district, located east of Ulaanbaatar and known as one of Ulaanbaatar's two representative ger areas, was collected and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, migrant women were overcoming poverty and climate change vulnerability in urban poor densely populated areas by strategically applying available natural capital, social capital, cultural capital, financial capital, and political capital in parallel. In particular, shamanism, networks with neighbors and relatives, and the Mongolian government's land privatization policy were serving as a support for the lives of migrant women in complex and different ways. The results of the study provide implications for reflecting the socio-ecological experiences and aspirations of local residents in the urban planning process amid discussions on urban redevelopment in Ulaanbaatar due to the lack of urban infrastructure.
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