가로의 물리적 환경 변화가 보행자의 감염두려움에 미치는 영향 : 가상현실(VR) 실험과 구조방정식 활용을 중심으로
Effects of Street Environment Changes on Pedestrian Fear of Infection : Focusing on Virtual Reality(VR) Experiments and Structural Equation Modeling
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The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped outdoor pedestrian behavior, amplifying fear of infection even in street environments. This study investigates how street-scale physical environments shape pedestrians’ perceived fear of infection and proposes design implications for post-pandemic resilience. We created 48 virtual street scenarios varying by Depth-to-Height(D/H) ratio(0.5, 1, 2, 3), landscaping (present/absent), and six levels of pedestrian density. Twenty-two participants experienced each scenario using an HTC Vive Pro Eye HMD, yielding 1,056 observations. Measures included perceived openness, comfort, oppressiveness, peripersonal space(PPS), interpersonal distance(IPD), and fear of infection. Structural equation modeling(SEM) was employed to assess both direct and mediated effects. The refined model demonstrated acceptable fit(CMIN/df = 5.221, RMSEA = 0.063, CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.985, IFI = 0.996, RMR = 0.065). Higher D/H ratios enhanced perceived openness, which reduced oppressiveness and IPD while increasing comfort. Landscaping elevated PPS and comfort while lowering IPD. As pedestrian density increased, PPS and openness decreased, while IPD increased. Fear of infection was positively associated with oppressiveness and IPD, while it was negatively associated with comfort and PPS. These findings confirm that pedestrians’ emotional responses mediate the linkage between the physical environment and fear of infection. Managing pedestrian density, optimizing D/H ratios to prevent excessive enclosure, and incorporating greenery are practical strategies to alleviate infection-related anxiety and support resilient street design in post-pandemic cities.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped outdoor pedestrian behavior, amplifying fear of infection even in street environments. This study investigates how street-scale physical environments shape pedestrians’ perceived fear of infection and proposes design implications for post-pandemic resilience. We created 48 virtual street scenarios varying by Depth-to-Height(D/H) ratio(0.5, 1, 2, 3), landscaping (present/absent), and six levels of pedestrian density. Twenty-two participants experienced each scenario using an HTC Vive Pro Eye HMD, yielding 1,056 observations. Measures included perceived openness, comfort, oppressiveness, peripersonal space(PPS), interpersonal distance(IPD), and fear of infection. Structural equation modeling(SEM) was employed to assess both direct and mediated effects. The refined model demonstrated acceptable fit(CMIN/df = 5.221, RMSEA = 0.063, CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.985, IFI = 0.996, RMR = 0.065). Higher D/H ratios enhanced perceived openness, which reduced oppressiveness and IPD while increasing comfort. Landscaping elevated PPS and comfort while lowering IPD. As pedestrian density increased, PPS and openness decreased, while IPD increased. Fear of infection was positively associated with oppressiveness and IPD, while it was negatively associated with comfort and PPS. These findings confirm that pedestrians’ emotional responses mediate the linkage between the physical environment and fear of infection. Managing pedestrian density, optimizing D/H ratios to prevent excessive enclosure, and incorporating greenery are practical strategies to alleviate infection-related anxiety and support resilient street design in post-pandemic cities.