캄보디아의 고아원관광에 대한 비판적 고찰
A Critical Study of Orphanage Tourism in Cambodia
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캄보디아는 아동을 관광자원으로 활용하는 고아원관광 형태의 관광산업이 상대적으로 일찍 시작되어 이미 산업의 성숙기에 접어든 국가 중 하나로 지역사회, 특히, 아동에게 미치는 영향에 대한 심각한 문제들이 대두됨에 따라 서구권을 중심으로 한 국제사회의 주목을 받게 되었다. 외국인들의 달러를 유치하는데 중추적인 역할을 하는 캄보디아의 고아원관광은 캄보디아와 유사하게 관광잠재력을 가진 다른 개발도상국들에게 확산되고 있는 추세를 보이고 있어, 고아원관광은 더 이상 캄보디아 한 국가에 국한된 문제가 아닌 심각한 국제적 이슈가 되기에 이르렀다. 고아원관광이 일반 관광산업과 다른 결정적인 이유는 관광활동의 대상이 아동이라는 것이다. 국가의 미래라 불리는 아동을 대상으로 ‘양날의 검’이라는 논리를 앞세우며 경제활성화를 논한다는 것은 국가의 미래를 포기하겠다는 것과 동일한 의미일 것이다. 이러한 이유로 캄보디아는 물론 국제적으로 다양한 반고아원관광 또는 이와 관련한 캠페인 및 활동들이 기획ㆍ진행되어 왔으며, 미디어들 또한 이에 대한 심각성을 인식하여 고아원관광에 대한 비판적 보도를 하고 있다. 그러나 캄보디아의 모든 고아원들이 부패하거나 아동들을 영리의 목적으로 이용하는 것은 아니라는 사실에 주의해야 한다. 비록 고아원관광이 점차 심각한 국제적 이슈로 대두되고 있지만, 캄보디아 아동들을 위해 고아원관광 근절을 목표로 시행되고 있는 수많은 반고아원관광 캠페인들과 고아원에 대한 부정적인 내용만이 부각되는 언론보도들은 오히려 캄보디아 아동들을 합법적으로 유익하게 양육하는 고아원들에게 막대한 피해를 입히게 될 것이며, 그로 인한 피해는 고스란히 아동들에게 돌아갈 것이다. 따라서 관광으로 인한 아동들의 피해방지와 고아원관광의 근절 등 반고아원관광을 위한 활동들과 고아원관광에 대한 원색적인 비난만을 조명하는 언론보도에 앞서, 고아원의 폐쇄 또는 반고아원관광 활동들로 인해 아동들에게 닥칠 또 다른 이슈들에 대한 해결책 마련이 선행되어야 할 것이다. 아울러 고아원관광이 상대적으로 일찍 시작된 캄보디아를 반면교사(反面敎師) 삼아 고아원관광의 움직임이 보이는 또는 확산되기 시작한 개발도상국 또는 지역에 이를 사전에 예방 또는 근절할 수 있는 대책방안 마련이 시급할 것이다.
Abstract
Cambodia where used to be infamous for brutal Khmer Rouge regime and Killing fields has been re-recognised as 'a country of Angkor Wat' as tourism industry has rapidly been developing for past few decades. Tourism industry is Cambodia's second largest economic contributor, amounting to 23.5% of GDP in 2013 with over 4.46 million arrivals per year since 2007 this is on the increase and it is expected 6.9 million arrivals in 2024 (WTTC, 2015). In spite of this remarkable growth of tourism industry, Cambodia is still one of the poorest countries in the world as over 7 millions of Cambodians live with less than US$1 a day. Orphan numbers in Cambodia at their lowest point in decades, whilst orphanage numbers have undergone a significance increase in the last five years, coinciding with a distinctive increase in tourism numbers. Orphanage volunteering (or orphanage tourism) is often described worthwhile experience which helps those who are disadvantaged in ‘developing nations’. Orphanages are heavily reliant on overseas donations or charities for funding, leading the way for orphanage tourism. As a result, orphanage, supposed to take care of children without parents regard and abuse the children as means of attracting foreign tourists (or visitors) for funding. This paper seeks to illustrate the pervasiveness of orphanage tourism in Cambodia, the significant impacts on children and the local community, and movement for anti-orphanage tourism campaigns to alert the significance of such a inhumane phenomenon in developing countries like Cambodia.
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