피터싱어와 윤리적 채식주의
Peter Singer and the Ethical Vegetarianism
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육식을 거부하며 윤리적 채식주의에 대한 체계적인 철학적 옹호론을 펼치고 있는 사람들은 대부분 공리주의 이론이나 의무론적인 도덕적 권리론을 근거로 삼는다. 특히 싱어는 공리주의를 무기로 삼고서 현대적 의미에서의 동물윤리를 개척한 선구적 인물이며, 또한 육식의 비윤리성을 고발하면서 이전의 식습관을 포기하고 몸소 채식을 실행하고 있는 실천적 이론가라는 점에서 각별한 의미를 갖는다. 그러나 채식주의를 옹호하는 싱어의 논변은 기본적으로 선호공리주의와 동물의 감응력에 근거해서 옹호되고 있는데, 이에 대해서는 동물권리론, 환경주의, 여성주의 등의 진영에서 적지 않은 도전과 비판이 제기되어 왔다. 그런데 이들의 대응은 주로 싱어의 주장이 함축하거나 초래하게 되는 결과에 초점을 두고서 이루어졌다. 이 글은 이와 달리 선호공리주의와 감응력에 기초한 싱어의 육식의 비윤리성 및 윤리적 채식주의 옹호 논증의 이론적 토대 자체가 견고하지 못하다는 것을 보이려고 시도한다.
Abstract
Most contemporary Western writers who offer a systematic philosophical defense of ethical vegetarianism have used either utilitarian theory or a deontological moral rights theory. Peter Singer is typical of the former, and Tom Regan the latter. Singer is a moral theoriest whose has done much to reinvigorate the animal liberation movement. Preference Utilitarianist Singer's ethical vegetarianism is based on the principle of equal consideration of interests and sentience as the capacity to feel pleasure or pain. He says the preference for a non-vegetarian diet is largely a matter of taste. Liking the taste of meat does not constitute an interest strong enough to override the interests of animals in avoiding pain and suffering. But Singer's utilitarianism is not only future-oriented, and only the consequences of actions count rather than intentions, so it cannot exclude a meat-eating. Also Singer's sentience-based theory of moral status does not consider the meanings of pain in organism, especially human beings in its fullness. The whole considerations for human pain, including to animals, must deal with ontology and semantics of panis, including value theory of plant life.
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