『입보리행론』(Bodhicaryāvatāra)에 사용된 산스끄리뜨 운율 연구
A Study of Sanskrit Meters in Bodhicaryāvatāra
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초록
샨띠데바가 지은 『입보리행론』은 8세기에 인도에서 저술된 이후 인도뿐 아니라 티벳, 중국 등 대승불교권에 걸쳐 널리 전파되어 유행하였고, 오늘날에도 서구와 유럽의 많은 언어로 번역된 후 보급 되어 연구되고 있다. 그 이유는 이 책이 대승불교 철학의 핵심을 담은 입문서로서의 역할을 충실히 수행하였기 때문이다. 또한 게송을 지을 때 쓰인 산스끄리뜨 운율이 텍스트의 메시지를 담는 그릇으로서의 역할을 수행하면서 샨띠데바의 진리에 대한 철학적 통찰과 진리에 이르는 실천 수행법을 전달하는 매개체의 역할을 훌륭히 수행하고 있기 때문이다. 산스끄리뜨 운율이 주는 리듬감과 간결성은 어려운 경전들을 외워나가고 그 의미를 음미하고 이해해 나가는 데에 아주 효과적인 장치가 된다. 또한 간결하기 때문에 반복적으로 소리를 내어 암기하기에도 아주 좋다. 기록 문자가 발달하지 않았던 시대에 운율학의 발전 또한 필연적이었고, 이것을 배움으로 해서 학생들은 텍스트의 철학적인 면 외에 운율을 적용해 나가는 수학적인 면과 또한 운율의 리듬이 불러일으키는 정서적인 면도 동시에 접할 수 있게 되는 것이다. 운율의 지식은 필사본의 교정본을 만들 경우, 글자가 지워져서 잘 보이지 않거나, 또는 여러가지 판본들 중에서 다른 글자가 있을 때, 적합한 글자를 결정할 때도 유용하게 사용할 수 있다.
Abstract
Bodhicaryāvatāra of Śantideva is dated around 8 C.E. and since then it has been a very popular Mahāyāna text both in the country of origin ― India and in distant China. Once it reached Tibet it came to be accepted as a standard text deliberating on the basic tenets of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Over the years it remains a much-acclaimed work that promulgates Mahāyāna principles in a mellifluous and poetic style. A lot of research has been done on the text especially in Europe and in America. Another reason for its enduring popularity is the author’s skillful use of diverse meters in Sanskrit. Perhaps he adopted this ornamental style to grip the attention initially of the listener and later the reader and make their first interaction with the text an unforgettable experience. The varied meters only enhance the sublime content of the book and not detract it. In the hands of this master craftsman the meters become an effective means to help the followers, monks and lay people of the mundane world, to emotionally connect with the profound truth of Bodhicitta and the 6 Paramitas. Virtues which one need to practice to attain the level of perfect Buddhahood for the sake of suffering sentient beings. In my article, the area of focus is the Chanda or Sanskrit prosody used by Śantideva. In India, to study the Vedas one must study the 6 limbs of the Vedas called the 6 vedāṅgas as they help one to accurately understand the holy texts. One of the 6 vedāṅgas is Meter or Prosody(Chandas). Buddhist scholars, following the Sanskrit tradition also used meters(Chandas) in their works which enhanced the musical and aesthetic appeal of their compositions. I shall discuss the kinds of Meters used by Śāntideva in his text Bodhicaryāvatāra. My purpose is to establish how Sanskrit prosody or meter assisted in the oral transmission of the Bodhicaryāvatāra. To show how the Chandas add to the efficacy in transmission of the Buddhist knowledge. It will also be my attempt to show how knowledge of meter can be useful in determining the correct meaning of the words in a text when one is working with various manuscripts (pertaining to a particular text) in order to compose a critical edition of the text.
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