초월주의 자연관의 현대적 계승과 변용: 버로우즈(John Burroughs)의 자연생태사상 연구
A Modern Inheritance of American Transcendentalism: The Exploration of John Burroughs’s Philosophy of Nature
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본 연구는 존 버로우즈가 초월주의의 현대적 변용에 끼친 영향을 살펴봄으로써 그의 생태사상이 미국의 생태문학에서 지니는 위상을 짚어보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 버로우즈는 자연물상의 생태적 사실과 자연을 대하는 주체의 정서적 반응을 통해 진화론과 같은 자연 질서를 궁리함으로써 초월주의의 추상성을 극복하려고 했다. 그는 일상과 괴리된 생경한 야생자연 체험과 보존운동에 진력하기보다 문명이 스며든 일상 속에서 매 순간 달라지는 동식물의 생태적 사실관계에 집중함으로써 경험적 지식과 탐구 과정을 중시하는 프래그머티즘의 원리를 실천하였다. 그가 미국과 세계 각 지역을 방문하여 개체와 종의 생태를 비교분석하고 미국적 자연의 본질에 천착한 이유 역시 생태적 미국우월론을 정당화하는 근거를 찾고 싶어서가 아니라 다양한 자연환경을 접하며 지역생태주의를 보완함으로써 자연의 본질에 다가갈 수 있다고 생각했기 위함이다. 버로우즈의 생태적 사실과 진실 추구 의지는 허구적 동물이야기를 비판하여 가짜자연 논쟁을 불러일으키는 도화선이 되기도 했다. 가짜자연 논쟁은 말년이 버로우즈가 자연의 실재성에 토대를 두고 인간중심주의로부터 생태중심주의로 전회하는 전기로 작용하였다. 그는 생명중심주의에 얽매이지 않고 거대한 지질학적 시간 단위를 탐구하면서 우주적 질서 속에서 탄생과 사멸을 거듭하는 생명과 인간의 위상에 관해 묵상하였다. 생명과 비생명을 아우르는 우주적 상상력은 버로우즈가 정확한 자연물상 관찰과 과학적 사고를 통해 초월주의에서 추구한 자연의 본질을 현대적으로 계승・발전시켰음을 함의한다.
Abstract
This study aims to examine the influence of John Burroughs’s philosophy of nature on transforming nineteenth-century American Transcendentalism into a modern environmentalism after the twentieth century. Burroughs tried to overcome the abstractness of transcendental ideas through his factual inquires of ecological realities from adjacent natural objects. The principle of pragmatism, which emphasizes empirical knowledge in the making, was what he put in practice to grasp the ever-changing ecosystem in everyday life─not any unfamiliar wilderness far from home. Burroughs compared many different species and climates in his travels outside the American Northeast; he wanted to gain diverse natural knowledges for the clearer understanding of his surrounding environment. His firm belief in the truth of nature based on ecological facts sparked a heated nature-faker controversy in early twentieth century; he made condemning criticisms on the fictitious representation of animal life in his contemporary writers. Such controversy led Burroughs in his late years to rely on ecocentrism. Gigantic geological time unit made him meditate on the location of every living and non-living thing including human being in the cosmic order.
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