Analysis of ammonia boil off gas treatment in fuel storage systems
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The decarbonization of international shipping has accelerated the transition from conventional fossil fuels to carbon-zero alternatives, with ammonia emerging as a promising next-generation marine fuel. However, the management of the boil-off gas (BOG) generated in unpressurized ammonia fuel tanks remains a critical challenge. This study investigated the application of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology to utilize ammonia BOG for auxiliary power generation to enhance both energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. A 15,000 TEU ammonia-fueled container ship was selected as the reference ship, and the amount of BOG required for various fuel-cell outputs was calculated. The results indicate that producing 250 kW of auxiliary power requires 140 Nm³/h of ammonia, corresponding to 32.8% of the BOG generated in the ammonia fuel storage tank. The remaining BOG, equivalent to only 1.4% of the daily fuel consumption of the main engine, can be effectively consumed by the auxiliary engine without requiring additional reliquefaction systems. A comparative analysis highlights that SOFC-based BOG utilization not only reduces installation and maintenance costs but also offers a viable pathway toward the commercial implementation of eco-friendly power solutions in ammonia-fueled ships.
Abstract
The decarbonization of international shipping has accelerated the transition from conventional fossil fuels to carbon-zero alternatives, with ammonia emerging as a promising next-generation marine fuel. However, the management of the boil-off gas (BOG) generated in unpressurized ammonia fuel tanks remains a critical challenge. This study investigated the application of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology to utilize ammonia BOG for auxiliary power generation to enhance both energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. A 15,000 TEU ammonia-fueled container ship was selected as the reference ship, and the amount of BOG required for various fuel-cell outputs was calculated. The results indicate that producing 250 kW of auxiliary power requires 140 Nm³/h of ammonia, corresponding to 32.8% of the BOG generated in the ammonia fuel storage tank. The remaining BOG, equivalent to only 1.4% of the daily fuel consumption of the main engine, can be effectively consumed by the auxiliary engine without requiring additional reliquefaction systems. A comparative analysis highlights that SOFC-based BOG utilization not only reduces installation and maintenance costs but also offers a viable pathway toward the commercial implementation of eco-friendly power solutions in ammonia-fueled ships.