동아시아 古代 官制上의 22部司 ― 中國王朝ㆍ日本 官制와 관사 구성방식을 비교하며 ―

Abstract

This article examines the influence of the Nanchao(南朝)’s government organization or Zhouli(周禮) on Baekje’s 22offices(22部司) and the influence of Baekje’s 22offices on the Japan’s government organization in the formation system of offices. Because the interchange with Nanchao became frequent since Song(宋) and the most prosperous in Liang(梁), we must focus on the Baekje’s acceptance of the government office system since Song. When we arrange a changing process of the Nanchao’s government office system on the table, the most probable one to influence on Baekje’s 22offices was the Liang’s government organization that the interchange is the most prosperous in that time. 22offices was able to be compared with Jiuqing(九卿 : Jiusi 九寺) and Liucao(六曹) in the Nanchao’s government office system. But in the government office system of SongㆍNanqi, Zhuqing(諸卿) was shurunken and Liucao was concerned only with Oekwan(外官) of 22offices, so their influence on Baekje were not big. In the Liang’s government office system, Zhuqing was relatively more easy to compare with 22offices than of SongㆍNanqi, but it was still difficult to explain many part to influence on Baekje. Especially, Baekje’s peculiar form was more detected than the influence of Nanchao by the naming method of 22offices. Finally, Baekje’s 22offices was influenced by the Nanchao’s government organization, but the weight of it was not big as such. About the possibility of Baekje’s accepting the political ideology of Zhouli, we approached to different side from established view. Zhouli functioned as the ideology of the ruling class that intentioned the unification of the whole land by improving the bureaucratic system in placing the emperor to the top. Zhouli was not established as the Confucianism scripture in Qianhan(前漢), it became the one of Sanli(三禮) by Zheng-Xuan(鄭玄) in Houhan(後漢), and it was raised as the main scripture in the advancing process of Lixue(禮學) during Weijinnanbeichao(魏晉南北朝) period. It was interpreted by the existence of Baksa(博士) in 4th century and Ogyeong-Baksa(五經博士) in 6th century that Baekje’s Confucianism was accepted early and deeply understanded. So it was enough possible that Baekje accepted Zhouli and exploited it in the reformation of the political system. It was the 36Daifu(大夫)-class to divide duties under the 6Qing(卿) that 22offices can be directly compared with the official post in Zhouli. They were as much as 17 of 22offices that is common to duties with the official post on 36Daifu-class, but 13 of them were almost essential in the East-Asian ancient government organization on duties that they were common to duties with Zhuqing and above in Chinese dynasty, and only 4 of them were certain to be influenced by Zhouli. On the contrary, 1 of them was certain to be influenced by not Zhouli but the government organization of Chinese dynasty, 4 of them were as less as organized by the necessity from the Baekje’s inside. Finally, Baekje’s 22offices was probably influenced by more Zhouli than offices of Chinese dynasty. ‘Sa~bu(司~部)’ in Oekwan were the determinate evidence to show the influence of Zhouli. In the Japan’s government organization in 7~8th centuries, the government office system during Tenchi-Tenno(天智天皇)~Jitou-Tenno(持統天皇) was the classified stage into that in the government organization under Ritsuryo(律令). In 34 offices above ‘Ryo(寮)’[2Kan(官)ㆍ8Sho(省)ㆍ1Tai(臺)ㆍ2Shiki(職)ㆍ3Fu(府)ㆍ18Ryo(寮)] on the government organization under Ritsuryo(律令), if we except 9 of them not to have the similar duties to the Baekje’s government organization, 25 of them have the similar duties to it. In 25 offices, 11 of them were directly influenced by the Baekje’s government organization(6 of 11 were transformed in Japan), 6 of them were indirectly influenced by the Baekje’s bridgeable role, 6 of them were essential in the East-Asian ancient government organization, 2 of them were similar to Baekje on duties but advanced by the Japan’s perticular situation. Finally, 17 of them(50%) were directly or indirectly influenced by the Baekje’s government organization, 6 of them were common with that to duties but difficult to say the influence of Baekje, 11 of them were not influenced by Baekje. Especially, some Japan’s offices under the influence of the Baekje’s government organization were expected to help the converse restoration of that from now on.