인도 환경법원의 도입에 대한 법적 고찰: 국가녹색재판소의 출현
Advent of Environmental Court in India: a Legal Study of National Green Tribunal
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최근까지 호주와 뉴질랜드 일부 국가들을 제외하고 환경특별법원을 설치한 국가들은 몇몇 되지 않는다. 하지만 많은 여타 국가에서도 환경과 관련한 분쟁이 증가하면서 이에 따른 해결방안으로 환경특별법원을 도입하려는 움직임을 보이고 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 국가녹색재판소는 환경정의 실현을 위한 인도의 새로운 시도이며, 이러한 새로운 변화는 인도 상위법원과 인도법률위원회의 적극적인 제안에 의한 결과물이라 할 수 있다. 1984년 보팔 대참사와 같은 일련의 환경사건에 따른 결과로, 인도 상위법원, 특히 대법원은 환경적 규제와 준수 이행에 대하여 사법적극주의 태도를 취하게 되었다. 인도 대법원의 판결은 환경에 대한 국민의 기본권을 보장하였을 뿐만 아니라 적극적인 법률 해석을 통한 환경법 원칙을 구체화하는데 결정적인 역할을 하였다. 이러한 사법적극주의 태도는 인도 헌법에서 규정하는 생명에 대한 기본권뿐만 아니라 환경에 대한 국민의 권리를 보호하기 위하여 환경공익소송의 원고적격을 완화하기에 이른다. 사법적극주의와 원고적격 완화의 결과로 환경소송 청구의 급증, 소송 처리의 지연과 소송비용 부담 증가, 사실 입증의 과학적 불확실성으로 인한 일관성 없는 법원의 판결, 점증 된 사법 재량권에 의한 비현실적인 지시와 명령 등이 인도 환경소송법제의 새로운 문제점으로 나타나게 되었다. 대법원은 이러한 환경 소송법제의 문제점들을 해결하기 위하여 환경 전문가에 대한 지원과 환경법원 설치의 필요성을 제안하였다. 이에 대하여 대법원과 인도법률위원회는 환경법원 도입을 위한 제안의 법률적인 노력과 검토를 진행하였으며 그 결과, 2010년 국가녹색재판소에 관한 법률 제정을 이끌어낸다. 인도의 새로운 환경소송법제인 국가녹색재판소는 환경보호와 산림보전과 관련한 다양한 환경사건을 효과적이고 신속하게 처리하는 것을 목적으로 하며 개인적 피해, 재산상 피해, 환경적 피해에 대한 폭넓은 구제 및 보상을 통하여 환경과 관련한 법적 권리를 보장한다. 양적으로 증가하는 다양한 유형의 환경소송사건 처리에 대한 국가녹색재판소의 잠재력이 점차 인정되고 있다. 환경 문제에 대한 포괄적인 재판 관할권과 넓은 범위 구제 및 보상의 조치를 위해 환경 문제의 다각적이고 전문적인 해결 능력을 갖춘 국가녹색재판소는 신속한 환경 분쟁 처리 기관(fast-track court)으로서 그리고 강력한 규제조치가 가능한 준 사법 기관(quasi-judicial body)으로서 그 역할이 매우 강조될 것이다. 더불어 국가녹색재판소가 더욱 확고히 자리매김하기 위해서는 환경소송법제의 긍정적인 개선에도 불구하고 공정하고 공평한 환경사건 판결을 위해 국가녹색재판소법에서 나타나는 일부 문제점들을 개선할 필요가 있다고 생각한다. 국가녹색재판소은 환경적 규제와 준수 이행에 있어서 인도 환경소송법제의 중추적인 역할을 담당할 것으로 예상되며 국가녹색재판소와 유사한 환경법원의 도입을 고려하고 있는 여타 개발도상국들에게 좋은 사례를 제시하게 될 것이다.
Abstract
There are very few countries including Australia and New Zealand that sought to establish specialized environmental court. It appears in the other countries that momentum is moving towards such specialized environmental court to handle the increasing volume of environmental cases. In the context, the creation of National Green Tribunal(NGT) of India is new initiative for environmental justice and culmination of the emphatic suggestions of the indian higher judiciary and Law Commission of India. As consequences of the series of environmental disaster such as Bhopal tragedy in 1984, the Indian higher judiciary, especially the Supreme Court, has played the role of judicial activist in environmental enforcement and compliance. It is significant to note that judicial decisions have not only played decisive role in protecting the fundamental right to a wholesome environment, but also crystallized legal principles thorough activist interpretation which gradually took the form of a body of environmental law. In the context, judicial activist took advantages of the relaxation of Locus Standi to seek to judicial intervention to ensure protection of environmental right more than fundamental right to life in environmental public Interest litigation. As a result of ‘Judicial Activism’ and ‘Relaxation of Locus Standi’, it has created concerns in environmental litigation such as the rapidly increasing number of petitions, expensive and delayed disposal of petitions, complex technical and scientific issues, inconsistent approach by the courts based upon individual judicial preferences, unrealistic directions and the issue of creeping jurisdiction. The apex court required to solve such concerns that assistance of environmental scientific expert in environmental litigation and the recommendation for setting up of environmental court has remained the essential discussion for judgments of the Supreme Court and Law Commission of India. The effort of the Supreme Court and Law Commission of India resulted in enactment NGT Act of 2010. The NGT aims to adjudicate environmental protection and forest conservation cases in an effective and expeditious manner. NGT includes enforcement of any legal right relating to the environment together with available relief and compensation for damages to persons property and environment. NGT’s potential is being realized in terms of type and volume of cases coming before the tribunal. The ‘multi-faceted’ and ‘multi-skilled’ NGT with a wide jurisdiction and broader compensation and relief is gradually earning the reputation of being a ‘fast-track court’ and ‘quasi-judicial body.’ In spite of such positive initiatives, it still remains the need to remove the cobwebs in the NGT Act. In order to set the NGT firmly on the way of rendering fair and just adjudication of environmental dispute, existing gaps and shortcomings in the NGT Act will need to be filled. The NGT will play a leading role in environmental enforcement and compliance and will be a role model for enactment of similar tribunal in the other developing countries.
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