인도 혼인의무등록에 관한 중앙법령의 필요성 및 법률대안
A Legal Study on Compulsory Marriage Registration in India: Necessity and Alternative
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인도 헌법전문에서는 인도를 세속주의 국가로 규정하고 있다. 그리고 헌법 제22조와 제25조 는 기본권리 조항으로써 모든 종교의 평등과 자유를 보장한다. 이러한 규정에 근거하여 다양한 종교에 바탕을 둔 속인법들이 인도에서는 평등하게 보장받는다. 반면 헌법 제44조는 국가정책의 지도원칙으로써 “국가가 인도 전역을 아우르는 단일민법을 전 국민에게 제공하도록 노력해야 한다.”고 규정한다. 이 규정은 종교와 관계없이 국가 통합을 조장한다. 결과적으로 헌법상 국가통합에 관한 조항과 문화 다양성에 관한 보호 조항 규정이 마찰한다. 이러한 맥락에서 인도 정부는 단일민법의 필요성을 주장하면서 종교에 바탕을 둔 속인법 체계를 개혁하고자 한다. 혼인의무등록은 이러한 시도의 과정 중 하나이다. 이러한 법률 개혁은 향후 민주주의의 토대가 될 것이다. 대부분 국가는 혼인의무등록에 대한 필요성을 인식하고 혼인등록을 의무화하고 있다. 하지만 인도에서는 종교에 바탕을 둔 속인법 체계가 지배적인 이유로 모든 인도 국민을 대상으로 한 혼인등록에 관한 일률적인 법률이 부재하다. 만약 단일민법을 제정한다면 인도에서 속인법 체계의 실체법상 변화와 절차법상의 변화를 기대할 수 있을지 모른다. 그러나 단일민법의 실현 가능성은 희박하다. 따라서 절차법상의 법률 변화이기는 하지만 현(現)인도 속인법체계에서의 여성과 아동의 최소한 법적 지위와 권리를 보장하기 위해서라도 보편타당한 혼인의무등록의 입법이 필요하다. 2006년 시마사건에서 인도대법원은 혼인의무등록의 중요성을 적시하면서 주(州)정부와 연방직할령(連邦直轄領)에서 혼인의무등록에 관한 법률적 조치를 이행하도록 지시하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 종교적 예외와 배제를 두지 않고 전 인도 국민을 대상으로 하는 혼인의무등록에 관한 중앙법령이 절실하게 요구된다. 따라서 이 글에서는 인도 현행 속인법체계를 분석하고 그 법률과 법제의 변화에 대해 평가하고 있다. 또한 혼인의무등록에 관한 중앙법령 도입에 대한 법률 대안으로써 출생 및 사망 등록법(1969) 개정의 필요성을 주장한다. 더불어 인도 혼인의무등록에 관한 중앙법령 도입 시 발생할 수 있는 법률충돌은 없는지도 고찰하고 있다.
Abstract
Under the Constitution, India is a secular democratic republic. Article 22 (Prohibition of Discrimination of Religion) and Article 25 (Freedom of Religion) of the Constitution specify the basis for the equality and freedom of religion. Therefore, India has equally guaranteed personal laws based on respective religious and sectarian sects. On the other hand, Article 44 of the Constitution as state policy of directive principle stipulates that “the State shall endeavor to secure for all citizen a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.” As a result, the objectives of national unity are conflicted with protection of cultural diversity under the Constitution of India. In this context, the Government of India considers to reform the personal law system based on respective religions by establishing the Uniform Civil Code. The legislation on compulsory marriage registration also is a part of such legal reform. These attempts would be provided new foundation of Uniform Civil Code in India. Most countries are already obliged the compulsory marriage registration. However, India does not have a uniformity of marriage registration because various personal laws based on religion are so prevailed. If the government of India enacted the Uniform Civil Code, it could be expected to make substantive and procedural legal changes of personal law system. However, its feasibility is almost unlikely. In order to ensure minimum legal statue and rights for vulnerable social group such as women and children in existing personal law system, the practical legislation for compulsory marriage registration is so necessary even if it is a procedural legal change. The Supreme Court in the Seema vs. Ashwani Kumar (2006) held that compulsory marriage registration is critically important. It also directed that the States and Union Territories have to take a legal steps for compulsory marriage registration. Nevertheless, the central statute on compulsory marriage registration for all Indian citizen without religious exceptions and exemptions is urgently required now. Accordingly, this article analyses the existing personal law system in India and exams its legal and legislative changes. It also suggests the necessity for amendment of Registration of Births and Death Acts (1969) as one of legal alternatives. Furthermore, it also analyses the legal conflicts that may raise when introducing such legislation.
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