인도 '요가'(Yoga)의 정치화와 국가 정체성
Politicization of Yoga and National Identity in India
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
2014년 모디(Modi)가 인도 수상이 되면서 요가는 전 세계를 대상으로 인도의 대표적 문화적 상징이 되는 과정에 들어선다. 유엔 총회에서 ‘국제요가의 날’(International Day of Yoga) 지정을 위한 성공적 로비로 모디 수상은 요가를 세계무대에 본격 등장시켰다. 인도 정부가 2014년에 국제요가의 날을 제정하고 2016년에 유네스코 무형문화유산 대표목록에 요가를 등재하고자 한 노력은 요가가 경제와 외교 및 정치적 맥락에서 놓칠 수 없는 매력적인 전략 자원이었기 때문이었다. 인도의 요가는 힌두 우익세력의 ‘요가 정치화’를 통해 무슬림과 같은 종교적 소수집단을 국가 범주 밖에 위치 지우면서 인도를 힌두화하고자 하는 프로젝트 진행에 이용되고 있다. 이 글은 요가를 둘러싼 인도 국내외적인 일련의 성과와 이에 맞물린 정치적 양상을 ‘소프트 힌두뜨와 문화 민족주의’ 담론 내에 ‘맥락화하고’ 이를 분석하고 있다. 이 글은 2014년 힌두 우익 정치인 모디의 인도 수상 등극 이후 진행되어 온 일련의 반무슬림적 힌두 우경화라는 정치적 맥락에서, 요가가 힌두 민족주의 의제를 위해 전유되는 사회·정치적 과정과 국가정체성 강화에 동원되는 요가의 정치화를 분석하고 있다. 특히 이 글은 철저한 기획과 연출 하에 수행된 2015년 ‘제1회 국제요가의 날’처럼 요가가 동원된 일련의 문화 정치적 이벤트들과 요가 수행과 관련된 정치적 담론들 그리고 요가와 힌두뜨와 부흥 간의 밀접한 관계에 주목하고 있다. 이를 통해 힌두 민족주의 정치 세력에 의한 요가의 정치적 전유가 반무슬림적이고 국가의 힌두화를 위한 문화 민족주의적 정치 행위임을 밝히고 있다.
Abstract
After being elected as Prime Minister of Inida in 2014, the first official and diplomatic act of Narendra Modi was to urge the United Nations member states to declare June 21st ‘International Day of Yoga’. The Modi government's efforts to establish International Yoga Day in 2014 and inscribe yoga on the Representative List of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2016 were due to the fact that yoga has been an attractive strategic resource that cannot be missed in economic, diplomatic and political contexts. Since the early days of the Modi regime, yoga has been used in India to solidify the supreme ideology of Hindu culture called ‘Hindutva’. In India, yoga is being used in a project to make India a Hindu State by locating religious minorities such as Muslims outside the national boundary through the ‘politicization of yoga’ by the Hindu right wing. This article attempts to ‘contextualize’ and analyze the series of achievements in India and abroad surrounding yoga and the political aspects associated with yoga within the discourse of ‘soft Hindutva cultural nationalism’. The purpose of this research is to analyze the politicization of yoga in the socio-political process and reinforcement process for national identity in which yoga is appropriated for the Hindu nationalist agenda in the political context of a series of anti-Muslim right-wing movements that have been mobilized since Modi, a right-wing Hindu politician, became Prime Minister of India in 2014. To be specific, this article pays attention to the relationship between a series of cultural and political events in which yoga was mobilized, such as the 1st International Yoga Day in 2015, conducted under thorough planning and directing, and the political discourse related to yoga practice. This study is also interested in elucidating the close relationship between yoga and Hinduism and revival. This study explores that the political appropriation of yoga by Hindu nationalist political forces is characterized as anti-Muslim and cultural nationalist political act for the Hinduization of the country.
참고문헌 (43)
- 김경학, "인도 부족민의 우익 힌두 민족주의와의 만남 : 반기독교와 반무슬림 폭력에 동원된 부족민", 민주주의와 인권, 11(2), pp.351~387 (2011), 5.18연구소
- 김경학, "감염병과 ‘이슬람 포비아’: 인도 힌두 민족주의 세력의 COVID-19의 정치화", 남아시아연구, 26(3), pp.1~34 (2020), 인도연구소[DOI]
- 아파두라이, "분노의 지리학: 소수에 대한 두려움" (2011), 에코르브르
- 조훈제, "영적 우회에 대한 탐색적 연구", 석사, pp.2020
- 정채성, "‘힌두성(Hindutva)’의 개념 규정과 문화민족주의 간의 상관관계 연구: 1980년대 이후 인도 사회의 변화를 중심으로", 인도연구, 18(1), pp.39~81 (2013), 한국인도학회[DOI]
- Alter, J. S, "Somatic Nationalism: Indian Wrestling and Militant Hinduism", Modern Asian Studies, 28(3) (1994)
- Alter, J. S, "Yoga in Modern India: The Body Between Science and Philosophy" (2004), Princeton University Pres
- "India's Modi promotes yoga against coronavirus" (2020)[URL]
- Altglas, V, "From Yoga to Kabbslsh: Reliegous Exoticism and the Logics of Bricolage" (2014), Oxford University Press
- Anand, D, "The Violence of Security: Hindu Nationalism and the Politics of Representing ‘the Muslim’ as a Danger", The Round Table, 94 (2005)
- Brown, W, "Regulating Aversion: Tolerance in the Age of Identity and Empire" (2006), Pricenton University Press
- Chakraborty, C, "Ramdev and Somatic Nationalism: Embodying the Nation, Desiring the Global", Economic and Political Weekly,, 41(1) (2006)
- "Modi as the karmayogi: How the prime minister has modelled himself as a new-age Hindu ascetic" (2019)[URL]
- Copeman, J. A. Ikegam, "Guru Logics", Journal of Ethnographic Theology, 2(1) (2012)
- de Michelis, E, "A preliminary Survey of Modern Yoga Studies", Asian Medicine, 3 (2007)
- "Yoga a compulsory subject in government run schools, teacher training courses" (2015)[URL]
- Gautam, A, "Yoga Soft Power: How Flexible is the Posture?", The Journal of International Communication, 24(1) (2018)
- "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 December 2014" (2015)[URL]
- Godrej, F, "The Neoliberal yogi and the politics of yoga", Political Theory, 45(6) (2016)
- Golberg, E, "The Path of Modern Yoga: The History of an Embodied Spiritual Practice" (2016), Iner Traditions
- "India’s new prime minister, Narendra Modi, aims to rebrand and promote yoga in India" (2014)[URL]
- Gupta, B, "Awakening Hindu nationalism through Yoga:Swami Ramdev and the Bharata Swambhiman Movement", Contemporary South Asia, 27(3) (2019)
- "Namaz similar to Surya Namaskar, many similarities in posture: UP CM Adityanath" (2017)[URL]
- "Human Rights Watch: Vigilante ‘Cow Protection’ Groups Attack Minorities in India" (2019)[URL]
- "Surya Namaskar against Islam: Muslim Law Board" (2016)[URL]
- Lakshmi, A, "Choreographing Tolerance: Narendra Modi, Hindu nationalism, and International Yoga Day", Race and Yoga, 5(1) (2020)
- McCartney, P, "politics beyond the Yoga Mat: Yoga Fundamentalism and the ‘Vedic Way of Life’", Journal: Global Ethnographic, 4 (2017)
- McCartney, P, ", Spiritual Bypassing: When Spirituality Discnnects Us from What Truly Matters" (2019), North Atlantic Books
- "International Yoga Day Finally Arrives in India, Amid Cheers and Skepticism" (2015)[URL]
- "PM Modi's yoga offensive gets Muslims stressed" (2015)[URL]
- "Ghosts of Yoga Past and Present" (2014)[URL]
- "Yoga Perfect Antidote to Stem Negative Tendancies: Swaraj at UN" (2015)[URL]
- "Yoga in UNESCO's Representative List of intangible heritage" (2016)[URL]
- "Narendra Modi calls for International Yoga Day" (2014)[URL]
- Singleton, M, "Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice" (2010), Oxford University Press
- 심준보, "현대 체위요가의 기원과 다국적 변화", 요가학연구, (16), pp.109~141 (2016), 한국요가학회[DOI]
- "Modi isn’t the first to use yoga bovt policy. It’s a Nehu legacy" (2020)[URL]
- Strauss, S, "Positioning Yoga: Balancing Acts across Cultures" (2005), Berg
- "United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon: Message on the Interna tional Day of Yoga" (2016)[URL]
- "Intangible Cultural Heritage “Yoga”"[URL]
- "YOGA & The Pizza Effect"[URL]
- Welwood, J, "Principles of Inner Work: Psychological and Spiritual", The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 16(1) (1984)