사다나사뭇데샤

Abstract

This article aims to introduce Bhartrhari's philosophy of language on kāraka(case) through the analysis of Sādhana-samuddeśa. In his metaphysics, sādhana(means) is the power of Brahman which, together with dik(direction), kāla(time) and kriyā(action), brings about the manifestation of the phenomena. It is the power of a thing to accomplish actions, inherent in its own substratum or in other substrata. It is said that six powers inhere in all things. They are each called kartā(agent), karma(object), karana(instrument), sampradāna(dative), apādāna(ablative), and adhikarana(locative) in grammar. In chapter Ⅱ, the term sādhana is defined and hetu and laksana are distinguished from kāraka. Different philosophical viewpoints on the nature of power are also discussed. In chapter Ⅲ, the concepts of six kārakas and their related topics are dealt with. Bhartrhari's description of sādhana reflects the traditional thoughts on language as well as the traditional technique of Science of Grammar of ancient India. First of all, he attaches importance to the speaker's intention and cognition in the use of words. He deals with the sādhana related subjects on the basis of the ideas that language is closely related to the speaker's cognition and that the use of words depends more on the speaker's intention than on outside reality. He also tries to suggest linguistic principles which can explain all the linguistic phenomena including apparently exceptional examples. His understanding and explanation of language in a principled way bestow the classic value of language of philosophy on his works.