아르트 샤스뜨라(Arth Shastra)와 주례(周禮): 고대 인도와 중국의 정치제도에 대한 비교연구

Abstract

Arthshastra and Zhouli are the oldest resources for studying the political institutions of ancient India and China. Arthashastra is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy which identifies its author by the names Kautilya. Arthshastra emphasize that a state’s law and order be maintained. So, it gives out how a ruler should protect his territory, which principally refers to administration of the state. Arthshastra’s political institution had acted on Indian polity for many centuries. Zhouli is one of three ancient ritual texts listed among the classics of Confucianism. Though tradition ascribed the text of the Zhouli to the Duke of Zhou or to its first editor Liu Xin, the work is considered by modern scholars to have been a anonymous utopian construct. The Zhouli that which the Zhou people most emphasized and at which they were such things as their system of officialdom, their rites and music, punishments and regulations, agriculture, and education. Their institutions, their regulations, and their material accouterments of feudal-age rule were resplendent in their completeness. Arthshastra and Zhouli express the ideas of empire in common. They pursuit well- organized administrations and argues for an autocracy managing an efficient and solid economy. It discusses the ethics of economics and the duties and obligations of a king. The scope of Arthaśāstra and Zhouli are, however, far wider than statecraft, and it offers an outline of the entire legal and bureaucratic framework for administering a kingdom. But former is the book for the king who pursuit be a ‘world conqueror.’ Therefore,Arthshastra is a book of political realism. It analysing how the political world does work and not very often stating how it ought to work. This is a book that frequently discloses to a king what calculating and sometimes brutal measures he must carry out to preserve the state and the common good. On the other hand, Zhouli is a book for the king who govern a empire in frame. It start its discussion based on the presupposition that the peopl will agree or obey imperial system. Therefore, the only person that constitutes the empire, is the king. He determines the regions and fixes the governmental positions and he embodies the cities and measures the countryside. He creates the ministries and separates their respective functions. This all to make a fixed pole for the people. So, Zhouli stress on ‘harmony of world’. This idea of harmony had influenced many Chinese dynasties till modern age.