보세(S.C. Bose)의 간디-어윈 협정 비판에 대한 고찰
A Study on S.C. Bose’s Criticism against Gandhi-Irwin Pact
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본 논문은 Bose가 간디-어윈 협정을 비판한 내용을 고찰한 논문이다. 보세가 간디-어윈 협정을 비판한 내용은 다음 3가지로 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 간디-어윈 협정이 독립 문제를 논외로 하고 있다는 것이다. 라호르 대회에서의 독립 선언, 소금행진, 1차 원탁회의의 불참 등 국민회의가 영국을 상대로 한 투쟁은 인도의 독립 혹은 자치령 지위 부여에 대해 영국이 미온적 태도를 보였기 때문인데, 간디가 총독과 협상하면서 독립 문제는 다루지 않고 시민불복종 운동을 중지시킨 것은 잘못이라는 것이다. 둘째, 간디-어윈 협정에서 규정한 정치범 사면 범주가 비폭력 운동자로 제한되었다는 것이다. 국민회의의 대표이며 동시에 인도를 대표하는 간디가 정치범 사면의 대상으로 그를 따르는 비폭력 시민불복종운동자로 한정함으로써 간디는 국민회의와 사뜨야그라히의 대표일 뿐 전 민족주의자들의 대표, 전 인도인들의 대표라는 면모를 발휘하지 못했고, 이것이 인도 민족주의 운동, 대영투쟁을 위한 단합에 부정적 영향을 미쳤다는 것이다. 셋째, 간디-어윈 협정과 2차 원탁회의 참석 이후 간디의 행보는 지도자로서 실패를 드러낸 것이다. 그러므로 국민회의는 대영 투쟁의 방법과 수단을 바꾸어야 한다. 특히 1930년대의 상황에서는 좀 더 급진적인 투쟁이 전개되어야 하는데, 간디는 그러한 투쟁에 적합한 인물이 아니기 때문에, 지도자의 교체는 필수적인 것이라는 것이다. 간디-어윈 협정 체결과 이후 간디의 정치적 활동에 대해 보세가 지적한 것은 독립 투쟁이라는 측면에서 보았을 때 타당성 있는 비판이라고 필자는 생각한다. 민족주의자들 특히 독립투사들은 비폭력 이념을 설파하는 정신적 지도자 간디가 아니라 인도를 독립시켜줄 정치적 지도자 간디를 기대했을 것이다. 그런데 비폭력 투쟁을 앞세우고, 정치적 독립보다 사회적 문제를 앞세워 영국의 속박으로부터 벗어나는 노력에서 멀어진 모습을 보이는 간디를 비판하지 않을 수 없었을 것이다. 그러므로 실질적으로 지도자를 바꾸지 않고서는 독립이라는 목표에 매진할 수 없다는 보세의 비판에 귀 기울일 필요가 있었다고 생각한다.
Abstract
The Bose’s criticism against Gandhi-Irwin Pact can be summarized into the following three points. First, Bose criticized that independence issue was not discussed in the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The struggles of Indian National Congress against British Rule such as Lahore Declaration of Independence, Salt March, nonparticipation of the Round Table Conference were due to British Government’s lukewarm attitude toward India’s independence. Therefore Bose pointed out that it was a mistake to stop the civil disobedience movement without guarantee of independence. Second, Bose pointed out the problem of general amnesty. Gandhi-Irwin Pact granted a general amnesty for political prisoners, but it was limited to those who were engaged in the nonviolence movement. Though Gandhi was the representative of India as well as Indian National Congress, he stood with granting amnesty to Satyagrahi only, the followers of Gandhi, hence Gandhi failed to demonstrate that he was the representative of the entire nationalists and the representative of the people of India. So it had resulted in negative influence on the unity of the nationalist movement. Third, Bose asserted that judging from Gandhi’s movement after Gandhi-Irwin Pact and participating in the Second Round Table Conference, he had failed as a leader. And the methods and means of Indian National Congress’s struggle against British Rule should be changed, particularly, under the circumstances of the 1930s, a more radical struggle was needed. Then, Gandhi was not the appropriate leader for such a struggle, accordingly the leader of national movement should be replaced also. It is considered a valid criticism for me that Bose pointed out about Gandhi’s political activities after the settlement of Gandhi-Irwin Pact, in the viewpoint of struggle for independence, I think that the independence fighters may have expected Gandhi to be a political leader who makes free the India from the British Rule rather than a spiritual leader who teaches a nonviolence ideology. But it would seem that political independence wasn't the priority at that time for Gandhi. Therefore, it is considered reasonable that Bose’s criticism that they could not go straight to attain the nation’s independence without changing the leader. And I think that the nationalist of Indian National Congress should have paid attention to his critics.
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