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Cross-country Comparison on Gender Equality of Bangladesh and Pakistan

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Achieving gender equality is a challenge in many regions with South Asia being no exception. Pakistan in particular is known to be one of the countries where gender disparity is most severe while its neighboring country, Bangladesh, has taken a step forward to eliminating gender gap. In 2022, Bangladesh was topped in South Asia in the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) released by the World Economic Forum and was ranked 71st while Pakistan was ranked 145th out of 146 countries. This study examines the extent to which gender-discriminative norms have penetrated the societies of Bangladesh and Pakistan through an analysis of attitudes towards women's public and economic participation using data from the World Values Survey Wave 7. Multiple regression models were employed to test seven dependent variables, and the results revealed statistically significant differences between the two countries with Pakistan showing greater conservatism regarding gender roles. The empirical results suggest that gender equality has been promoted at all levels of society in Bangladesh while it is more pervasive in high-income and high-education groups in Pakistan. This may be indicative of more men gaining notion on gender equality in Bangladesh while the gender awareness rises along with income and education level in Pakistan. Less statistical significances found between gender equality, income and education in the case of Bangladesh imply that socioeconomic statuses are less important variables in promoting gender equality and that more men and women are likely to hold egalitarian viewpoints on gender roles in public and economic spheres.

Abstract

Achieving gender equality is a challenge in many regions with South Asia being no exception. Pakistan in particular is known to be one of the countries where gender disparity is most severe while its neighboring country, Bangladesh, has taken a step forward to eliminating gender gap. In 2022, Bangladesh was topped in South Asia in the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) released by the World Economic Forum and was ranked 71st while Pakistan was ranked 145th out of 146 countries. This study examines the extent to which gender-discriminative norms have penetrated the societies of Bangladesh and Pakistan through an analysis of attitudes towards women's public and economic participation using data from the World Values Survey Wave 7. Multiple regression models were employed to test seven dependent variables, and the results revealed statistically significant differences between the two countries with Pakistan showing greater conservatism regarding gender roles. The empirical results suggest that gender equality has been promoted at all levels of society in Bangladesh while it is more pervasive in high-income and high-education groups in Pakistan. This may be indicative of more men gaining notion on gender equality in Bangladesh while the gender awareness rises along with income and education level in Pakistan. Less statistical significances found between gender equality, income and education in the case of Bangladesh imply that socioeconomic statuses are less important variables in promoting gender equality and that more men and women are likely to hold egalitarian viewpoints on gender roles in public and economic spheres.

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