『老乞大』 4종 版本의 代词 考察

Abstract

This paper aims to look into the usage, application, and change of personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns in the four editions of 『Laoqida(老乞大)』-『Yuanben-Laoqida(元本老乞大)』, 『Fanyi-Laoqida(飜譯老乞大)』, 『Laoqida-Xinshi(老乞大新釋)』, and 『Chongkan-Laoqida-Yanjie(重刊老乞大諺解)』- which are reflecting the words of Yuan(元), Ming(明) and Qing(清) Dynasty. Followings are the results. Firstly, there are 13 kinds of personal pronouns: wo(我), women(我们), an(俺), anmei(俺每), zan(咱), zanmei(咱每), zanmen(咱们, ) ni(你), nimen(你们), nin(恁), ta(他), tamei(他每), tamen(他们). Compared to modern Chinese, they are diversified and have certain traits. a) ‘an(俺), anmei(俺每), nin(恁), zanmei(咱每), tamei(他每)’ were seen only on 『Yuanben-Laoqida(元本老乞大)』, and after 『Fanyi-Laoqida(飜譯老乞大)』, they are replaced by ‘wo(我), women(我们), ni(你), nimen(你们), zanmen(咱们), tamen(他们)’. b) Unlike modern Chinese, singular could mean plural as well as singular itself. Also a word with plural suffix could mean both plural and singular. In other words, singular and plural were not strictly classified. c) ‘nin(您)’, a term of respect for the second person in modern Chinese, still had not come up. Secondly, the four editions shows in total of 28 sorts of demonstrative pronouns: zhe(這), zhege(这个), wu[a]di(兀[阿]的), zhedi(這的), zhexie(这些), zhexiege(這些个), zheli(這裏), zhebian(这边), zhebi(這壁), zheme(這么), zhemen(這們), zheban(這般), zheyang(这样), zhedeng(這等), na(那), wuna(兀那), nage(那箇), nadi(那的), naxie(那些), nali(那裏), nabian(那边), nabi(那壁), nabixiang(那壁厢), name(那么), namen(那們), naban(那般), nayang(那样), and nadeng(那等). These words are also various as contrasted with modern one and have some distinctive features as follows. a) ‘wu[a]di(兀[阿]的), wuna(兀那), zhebi(這壁), nabi(那壁), nabixiang(那壁厢)’ were seen only on 『Yuanben-Laoqida(元本老乞大)』, and after 『Fanyi-Laoqida(飜譯老乞大)』, replaced by ‘zhedi(这的), zhe(这), nage(那个), zheli(这里), nali(那里)’. b) ‘zhexiege(這些个), nadi(那的), namen(那們)’ did not appear except on 『Yuanben-Laoqida(元本老乞大)』 and 『Fanyi-Laoqida(飜譯老乞大)』, after 『Laoqida-Xinshi(老乞大新釋)』, replaced by ‘zhexie(这些), na(那), name(那么)’. c) ‘zhemen(這們), zheban(这般), zhedeng(這等), naban(那般), nadeng(那等)’ were constantly seen on each book, but are not used in modern Chinese any longer. Thirdly, 15 interrogative pronouns-shei(谁), shenme(甚(什)么), shen(甚), ruhe(如何), zenme(怎么), zenmeyang(怎么样), zendi(怎的), zensheng(怎生), zen(怎), weishenme(为甚(什)么), nali(那里), nage(那个), naxiege(那些个), ji(几), and duoshao(多少)- were shown in the four editions, and they are somehow similar to modern Chinese. Followings are their traits. a) ‘zendi(怎的)’ and ‘zensheng(怎生)’ appeared on merely 『Yuanben-Laoqida(元本老乞大)』 and 『Fanyi-Laoqida(飜譯老乞大)』, after 『Laoqida-Xinshi(老乞大新釋)』 they were substituted for ‘zenme(怎么)’ or ‘zenmeyang(怎么样)’. b) Most interrogative pronouns were used freely both interrogatively and non-interrogatively. That is, after Yuan Dynasty non-interrogative usage of interrogative pronouns was usually accepted. c) When asking the amount of something, still ‘duoshao(多少)’ was used. It seems that the form of ‘duo(多)+adjective’ appeared after the late Ching Dynasty.