중국 당대 사회개혁 시기 인간성 변화의 통시적 고찰―팡팡（方方）의 연매（軟埋）와 류전윈（劉震雲）의 방관 시대의 사람들（吃瓜時代的兒女們）을 중심으로

Abstract

The land reform abolished the private land ownership system that had lasted for thousands of years, making the country the largest landlord. After reform and opening up, the Chinese government is reaping the benefits of land ownership. The accumulated capital had to be returned as an investment for the livelihood of the people. However, in the novel, we can see that the people are suffering from massive looting from the state and bureaucrats. This study observed the novel Pang Pang's 『soft burial』 and Ryu Jeonwin's 『People in the age of bystanders』 from a diachronic perspective. Changes in humanity during land reform and reform and opening in this novel were considered. In soft burial, during the land reform period, ‘landlords’ go through first-generation resistance and second-generation identity repression. In the third generation, they want to bury their tragic family history like a novel 'soft burial' and choose an easy life. The majesty of the Chinese state power and the absence of civil society can be felt in the weak and fearful figure of the third-generation Qinglin, a 'landlord' who comforts himself by saying 'there is no truth in this world'. 『People in the age of bystanders』 shows the true face of Chinese bureaucratic capitalism hidden in the glamorous façade of reform and opening up. The desires of those in power go beyond corruption, looting and oppression frequently occur, and they are decentralized, producing local mafia. The local mafia sparks distrust of the government because it threatens the lives of the people. If this accumulates, the existence of political power may be threatened. The lower classes, driven into poverty by the looting of the bureaucrats, tried to maintain their survival through fraud or prostitution. In simple terms, land reform that advocated “only the peasants own land for farming” and reform and opening-up that called for the “Chinese dream” seemed to give land and capital to the people by the state power. As a result, human nature has changed in a way that harms each other and destroys itself, but land and capital eventually all belonged to the state.