The Malay Hikayat(s): Indian Epics on the Other Side of the Indian Ocean
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
For centuries, Indo-Malay authors, including craftsmen and artists, have created hikayat and other works of art of unsurpassed beauty and aesthetic value. All these works of art have to be understood through a tradition uniquely theirs. The key to understanding it lies in rediscovering and deciphering the codes. This would require knowledge of a specific semiotics, linguistics and philology. Many Indo-Malay hikayat from the Hindu were chanted rather than written for a non-literate audience. The process of adapting oral composition and wayang performance into manuscript needs to be understood as literary activity in its own right. This concept of creation is in dire need of being re-appraised in the present context. Authors and scribes charged with transforming the oral and wayang tales had their creative freedom to create and interpret. The writing and re-writing of the hikayat(s) were never an accurate transcription or a methodical process although they loosely adapted a recommended schema and conventions. All the authors and scribes had to work within the authorship of Malay traditional literature that is uniquely theirs. This style of composition is buried in antiquity which is where its value lies. It is the cultural inheritance and its spirit and tradition that reverberates through time. This article explores the codes that unlock the implicit meanings within the oral and wayang tradition taking into consideration the re-working or re-writing and its significance to the history of Malay literature such as the hikayats.
Abstract
For centuries, Indo-Malay authors, including craftsmen and artists, have created hikayat and other works of art of unsurpassed beauty and aesthetic value. All these works of art have to be understood through a tradition uniquely theirs. The key to understanding it lies in rediscovering and deciphering the codes. This would require knowledge of a specific semiotics, linguistics and philology. Many Indo-Malay hikayat from the Hindu were chanted rather than written for a non-literate audience. The process of adapting oral composition and wayang performance into manuscript needs to be understood as literary activity in its own right. This concept of creation is in dire need of being re-appraised in the present context. Authors and scribes charged with transforming the oral and wayang tales had their creative freedom to create and interpret. The writing and re-writing of the hikayat(s) were never an accurate transcription or a methodical process although they loosely adapted a recommended schema and conventions. All the authors and scribes had to work within the authorship of Malay traditional literature that is uniquely theirs. This style of composition is buried in antiquity which is where its value lies. It is the cultural inheritance and its spirit and tradition that reverberates through time. This article explores the codes that unlock the implicit meanings within the oral and wayang tradition taking into consideration the re-working or re-writing and its significance to the history of Malay literature such as the hikayats.
참고문헌 (37)
- Barzun, Jacques, "Artist Against Society: Some Articles of War", Literary taste culture and mass communication, 10 (1978), Chadwyck-Healey
- Brown, Roger I., "he Creative Process in the Popular art", Literary taste culture and mass communication, 10 (1978), Chadwyck-Healey
- Clancy, M. T., "From memory to written record, England", pp.1066~1307 (1979), Harvard UP
- Claytor, Henry John, "From Script to Print: an Introduction to Medieval Literature" (1945), Cambridge UP
- Cook-Gumperz, Jenny, "From Oral to Written Culture: the Transition to Literacy in: Vacation in Writing" (1978), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
- Crosby, Ruth, "Oral Delivery in the Middle Ages", Speculum, 11, pp.88~110 (1936)
- Curschmann, Michael, "Oral Poetry in Medieval English, French and German Literature: some notes on recent research", Speculum, 43, pp.36~53 (1967)
- Davison, Peter, "The Sociology of Literature", Literary taste culture and mass communication, 6 (1978), Chadwyck-Healey
- Davison, Peter, "Authorship", Literary taste culture and mass communication, 10 (1978), Chadwyck-Healey
- Ding Choo Ming, "Pengarang Ulung Wanita Melayu" (1999), Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysi
- Ding Choo Ming, "Kajian Manuskrip Melayu: Masalah, Kritikan dan Cadangan. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications and Distribution, 2003", ~ (2003)
- s Subaltern History, "The other Malaysia: Writings on Malaysia", pp.2002, Farish A Noor
- Farish A. Noor, "From Majapahit to Putrajya: Searching for Another Malaysia" (2005), SilverfishBooks
- Finnegan, Ruth, "Oral Literature in Africa" (1970), Clarendon Press
- Finnegan, Ruth, "Oral Poetry: Its Nature, Significance and Social Context" (1977), Cambridge University Press
- Finnegan, Ruth, "A -World Treasury of Oral Poetry" (1978), Indiana University Press
- Goody, Jack, "Literacy in Traditional Societies" (1968), Cambridge University Press
- Goody, Jack, "The Domestication of the Savage Mind" (1977), Cambridge University Press
- Havelock, Eric A., "Preface to Plato" (1963), Cambridge University Press
- Havelock, Eric A., "Origins of Western Literacy" (1976), Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
- Holzknecht, Karl J., "Literary Patronage in the Middle Ages" (1923), Philadelphia
- Kohn-Bramstedt, Ernst., "Aristocracy and the Middle Classes in Germany", pp.1830~1900 (1937), Social Types in German literature
- Lord, Albert B., "The Singer of Tales" (1960), Harvard University Press
- Meyersohn, Rolf, "Sociology and Cultural studies some problems: 6", 1 20, Literary Taste Culture and Mass Communication, pp.1978, 6[DOI]
- Morgan, Charles, "The Artist in the Community", Literary Taste Culture and Mass Communication, 10 (1978)
- Ong, Walter J., "Orality and Literacy: the Technologizing of the word" (1982), Methuen
- Orwell, George, "Why I Write", Literary Taste Culture and Mass Communication, 10 (1978), Chadwyck-Healey
- Patrick, Cahterine, "Creative Thought in Artists", Literary Taste Culture and Mass Communication, 10 (1978), Chadwyck-Healey
- Parry, Milman, "The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry. Ed by Adam Parry", Oxford: Clarendon Press (1971)
- Sheavyn, Phoebe, "The Literary Profession in the Elizabeth Age", Manchester (1909)
- Sweeney, Amin, "Malay World Music: a Celebration of Oral Creativity" (1994), Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
- Thody, Philip, "The Sociology of Literary Creativity: A Literary Critic's View", Literary Taste Culture and Mass Communication, 10 (1978), Chadwyck-Healey
- Wellek, Rene, "Literature and society in: The Sociology of Literature", Literary Taste Culture and Mass Communication, 6 (1978), Chadwyck-Healey
- Yates, Frances A., "The Art of Memory" (1966), University of Chicago Press
- Winstedt, R. O., "A History of Classical Malay Literature" (1969), Oxford University Press
- Zoetmulder, P., "The Old Javanese Poet and His Craft", Madjallah Ilmu-Ilmu Sastera Indonesia, 3, pp.233~240 (1966)
- Winstedt, R.O., "A History of Classical Malay Literature" (1969), Oxford University Press