전통예술의 관광 상품화와 재창조: 발리 춤을 중심으로
Cultural Commercialization and Reinvention of Tradition: Focused on the Balinese Traditional Dance Performance
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Today, cultural tourism seems to be omnipresent and in many parts of the world regard cultural tourism as a vital means to support for local tradition and local creativity. Even UNESCO promotes cultural tourism as a means of preserving cultural heritage and the West regards it as a major industry. The cultural tourism seems a recent phenomena, but cultural tourism has been a long history in Bali. Because the Balinese cultural performance has been the most important touristic resource since the island of Bali became a tourist destination in 1920. Before the Balinese traditional dance became commercialization for tourism industry, Balinese performance was a part of the Balinese life, relating to Hindu religion. It is impossible to distinguish ritual performance from their lives, because ritual performance has not only sacred religious function to devote pleasure for Gods but also entertainment function for individual. For the Balinese, commerce and art, entertainment and ritual, are not clearly distinct categories. However, appearance of the Western tourist made Balinese traditional dance change. To satisfy with tourist gaze, the Balinese dance tried to be appreciation, making itself as more expressive, shorter, more lineal, easier to understand, even reinventing new type. According to the commercialization and change of traditional dance, the Balinese started to consider the threat of their tradition and identity. To minimize the loss of identity and tradition, they try to draw a boundary between the sacred performance(wali) to be only performed for gods and themselves and the profane performance(balih-balihan) for tourist and entertainment. Of course, it is ambiguous guideline, but important thing is that the Balinese acquire recognition to preserve tradition, culture and identity by their own decision. Bali provides a good case of the complexities involved in the give and take of globalization and the commodification of culture based on tradition. Balinese culture focused on tradition has adopted changes and new circumstance actively. They were not afraid of commercialization of culture and did not resist commercialized traditional culture. The traditional culture of Bali has survived by flexible adaptation or even by invention, recreation, and manipulation in response to stimuli from the outside world. The Balinese dance performance prove well the important cultural flexibility and open-minded attitude of the Balinese to preserve themselves.
Abstract
Today, cultural tourism seems to be omnipresent and in many parts of the world regard cultural tourism as a vital means to support for local tradition and local creativity. Even UNESCO promotes cultural tourism as a means of preserving cultural heritage and the West regards it as a major industry. The cultural tourism seems a recent phenomena, but cultural tourism has been a long history in Bali. Because the Balinese cultural performance has been the most important touristic resource since the island of Bali became a tourist destination in 1920. Before the Balinese traditional dance became commercialization for tourism industry, Balinese performance was a part of the Balinese life, relating to Hindu religion. It is impossible to distinguish ritual performance from their lives, because ritual performance has not only sacred religious function to devote pleasure for Gods but also entertainment function for individual. For the Balinese, commerce and art, entertainment and ritual, are not clearly distinct categories. However, appearance of the Western tourist made Balinese traditional dance change. To satisfy with tourist gaze, the Balinese dance tried to be appreciation, making itself as more expressive, shorter, more lineal, easier to understand, even reinventing new type. According to the commercialization and change of traditional dance, the Balinese started to consider the threat of their tradition and identity. To minimize the loss of identity and tradition, they try to draw a boundary between the sacred performance(wali) to be only performed for gods and themselves and the profane performance(balih-balihan) for tourist and entertainment. Of course, it is ambiguous guideline, but important thing is that the Balinese acquire recognition to preserve tradition, culture and identity by their own decision. Bali provides a good case of the complexities involved in the give and take of globalization and the commodification of culture based on tradition. Balinese culture focused on tradition has adopted changes and new circumstance actively. They were not afraid of commercialization of culture and did not resist commercialized traditional culture. The traditional culture of Bali has survived by flexible adaptation or even by invention, recreation, and manipulation in response to stimuli from the outside world. The Balinese dance performance prove well the important cultural flexibility and open-minded attitude of the Balinese to preserve themselves.
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