태국 거주 미얀마 카렌족 난민의 생계추구 양상에 관한 연구: 국가, 국제구호기구, 지역사회 간의 관계를 중심으로
The Modes of Livelihood Pursuits of the Burmese Karen Refugees in Thailand: Focus on the Impacts of Relations between the State, International Relief Agencies, and Local Society
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이 연구는 태국-미얀마 국경지역에 거주하고 있는 카렌족 난민들의 사례를 통해 국가, 국제구호기구, 지역사회 간의 관계가 난민의 생계활동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 파악하는 데 목적을 둔다. 이 연구는 우선 각 행위자들 사이의 관계 양상을 일별하고 그에 따라 난민들의 삶이 어떻게 나타나는가를 이론화했다. 카렌족 난민을 둘러싼 행위자들 사이의 관계는 난민사태가 처음 발생한 1984년부터 1990년대중반시기, 1990년대 중반부터 2000년 중반시기, 그리고 2000년대 중반부터 최근 시기까지로 나눌 수 있다. 첫 째 시기는 각 행위자들 사이에 우호적인 관계가 이루어졌던 때로 난민들은 자율적으로 생계추구를 해나갈 수 있었고, 엔지오도 난민에게 자유롭게 접근하며 구호활동을 전개했다. 두 번째 시기는 국가가 국경안보에 우선순위를 두고난민을 통제하고 관리했던 기간으로 행위자들 사이의 관계 양상도 이전 시기와 다르게 나타났고 난민들은 생계추구에 큰 제약을 받았다. 세 번째 시기에 국가는 다시 난민들에 대해 유화조치를 취함에 따라행위자들 사이의 관계가 우호적으로 이루어졌고 엔지오가 난민들을위한 생계프로그램을 운영할 수 있게 되었다. 이 연구는 안보와 경제가 국가의 태도를 결정짓는 요소임을 드러내면서 행위자들 사이의 관계와 난민들의 생계추구 양상도 이에 따라 좌우됨을 드러냈다.
Abstract
This study examines how relations between the state, international relief agencies and local society affect the modes of refugees' lives with a focus on Burmese Karen refugees staying along the Thailand-Myanmar Border. It first theorizes the types of relations between these actors and identifies how each type affects the way in which refugees make a living. This study divides refugees' settlement history into three periods (1984-1995, 1995-2005, and 2005-2012) each of which shaped refugees' lives in accordance with the types of relations. The first period saw cooperative relations between the actors and in consequence they could maintain autonomous lives. However, as security concern became dominant for the state in the second period, relation types became different and the Karen refugees faced restriction in their mobility and livelihood pursuit due to the uncooperative stance of the state. In the third period, as the state's attitude toward international relief agencies and refugees changed to be positive and the relations between the actors became mutually cooperative, refugees has consequently benefitted from expanded livelihood opportunities. This study reveals that security and economy are decisive factors in forming the types of relations and refugees' modes of lives.
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