본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

카렌-코리안-아메리칸: 미국의 난민 수용 제도와 미얀마 카렌족 난민의 삼각 초국주의 실천

Karen-Korean-American: The United States Refugee Admission Program and the Practice of Triangular Transnationalism of Myanmar Karen Refugees

이상국
한국동남아학회|2022.08|동남아시아연구 (The Southeast Asian Review)|제32권 제3호|pp. 141-184|DOI 10.21652/kaseas.32.3.202208.141

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

난민NGORefugees초국주의TransnationalismMyanmar미얀마카렌족Karen재정착Resettlement미국 난민 수용 제도Volag엔지오US Refugee Admission Program
주제분류지역학

초록

본 연구는 미국의 난민 수용 제도와 미얀마 카렌족 난민의 삼각 초국주의 실천을 다룬다. 미국은 계산된 친절의 원리에 바탕을 두고 난민을 수용하고 있으며 민관협력 체계 아래에서 엔지오가 국가를 대리하여 난민들의 적응 과정에 개입한다. 난민들은 경제적 자립과 미래로 향하는 새로운 주체 만들기 작업에 압박을 받지만 공동체와 기억에 바탕을 둔 초국적 관계를 통해 미국 사회에 적응해 나간다. 본국과 거주국, 한국(인)까지 포함된 삼각의 초국적 관계가 난민들에게 정서의 안정을 제공할 뿐만 아니라 미국 사회의 인종질서를 헤쳐나가는 데 출구를 제공한다. 한국계가 마련한 교육의 장에서 이루어지는 소수자-소수자 연대는 기존 질서의 틈을 파고들며 확장해내는 공생의 영역이다. 본 연구는 카렌족이 그 공생의 영역에서 난민촌, 한국, 미국이 연계된 초국적 생활세계를 구축하며 미국을 넘어서는 또 다른 경로의 통합을 추구해나가고 있음을 밝힌다.

Abstract

This study examines the United States Refugee Admission Program and the practice of triangular transnationalism of Myanmar Karen refugees. The United States accepts refugees based on the principle of calculated kindness, and under the public-private partnership system, NGOs intervene on behalf of the state in the refugee adaptation process. Refugees are under pressure to become economically independent and to create new subjects for the future, but they adapt to American society through transnational relationships centering around community and memory. The triangular transnational relationship that includes the home country, the country of residence, and Korea(n) not only provides refugees with emotional stability, but also provides an outlet for navigating the racial order in American society. Minority-minority solidarity in the educational arena initiated by Koreans in participation of the Karen demonstrates how the symbiotic relationship penetrates into and destabilizes, to a certain degree, the existing racial order, and creates and expands a common ground. This study reveals that building upon the symbiotic relationship, the Karen people are pursuing the integration of another path beyond the United States and practicing triangular transnationalism where the refugee camp, Korea, and the United States are interconnected.

참고문헌 (52)

  1. 오영철, "카렌! 그들을 통해 배우다" (2020), 요단출판사
  2. 이상국, "백인 구원자와 카렌족: 현실이 된 카렌족 신화", 한국문화인류학, 43(1), pp.217~262 (2010), 한국문화인류학회
  3. 이상국, "맨발의 학자들: 동남아전문가 6인의 도전과 열정의 현지조사", pp.409~475 (2014), 눌민
  4. 이상국, "노동과 노르웨이를 넘어서:미얀마 카렌족 재정착 난민의 통합과 초국적 모빌리티", 동남아시아연구, 31(4), pp.43~82 (2021), 한국동남아학회[DOI]
  5. 자우너, 미셸, "H마트에서 울다" (2022), 문학동네
  6. Basch, Linda, "Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States" (1994), Gordon and Breach Science Publishers
  7. Bringing Evidence to the Refugee Integration Debate, "Bernstein, Hamutal", Urban Institute, ~ (2018)
  8. Bose, Pablo S., "After the Flight: The Dynamics of Refugee Settlement and Integration", pp.228~253 (2016), Cambridge Scholars Publishing
  9. Bose, Pablo S., "Welcome and Hope, Fear, and Loathing: The Politics of Refugee Resettlement in Vermont", Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 24(3), pp.320~329 (2018)
  10. Brown, Anastasia, "Unfulfilled Promises, Future Possibilities: The Refugee Resettlement System in the United States", Journal on Migration and Human Security, 2(2), pp.101~120 (2014)
  11. Creet, Julia, "Memory and Migration: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Memory Studies", pp.3~26 (2011), University of Toronto Press
  12. Darrow, Jessica H., "Administrative Indentureship and Administrative Inclusion: Structured Limits and Potential Opportunities for Refugee Client Inclusion in Resettlement Policy Implementation", Social Service Review, 92(1), pp.36~68 (2018)
  13. Frazier, John W., "Race, Ethnicity, and Place in a Changing America", pp.25~45 (2016), State University of New York Press
  14. Gordon, Milton Myron, "Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins" (1964), Oxford University Press
  15. Promoting Refugee Integration in Challenging Times: The Potential of Two-Generation Strategies, "Greenberg, Mark", Migration Policy Institute, ~ (2018)
  16. Harkins, Benjamin, "Beyond ‘Temporary Shelter’: A Case Study of Karen Refugee Resettlement in St. Paul, Minnesota", Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 10(2), pp.184~203 (2012)
  17. Refugee Integration in the United States, "Kallick, David Dyssegaard", Center for American Progress, ~ (2016)
  18. Keles, Fethi, "The Structural Negligence of US Refugee Resettlement Policy", Anthropology News (2008)
  19. Lee, Sang Kook, "Migrant Schools in the Thailand-Burma Borderland: From the Informal to the Formal", Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 34(1), pp.125~138 (2014)
  20. Levitt, Peggy, "Conceptualizing Simultaneity: A Transnational Social Field Perspective on Society", International Migration Review, 38(3), pp.1002~1039 (2004)
  21. Li, Wei, "Race, Ethnicity, and Place in a Changing America", pp.57~66 (2010), State University of New York Press
  22. Rebuilding the U.S. Refugee Program for the 21st Century: A New Vision to Create a More Resilient Refugee Program, "Mathema, Silva", Center for American Progress, ~ (2020)
  23. Muftee, Mehek, "Resettled and Connected? Social Networks in the Integration Process of Resettled Refugees", pp.213~241 (2015), Malmö University
  24. Myers, Quintin Wo, "‘I Should Not Forget!’: Qualitative Evidence of Social and Cultural Transnationalism among Refugees Who Are Disconnected from Home", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(7), pp.1204~1221 (2019)
  25. Naw Hsar Ka Nyaw Htoo Simon, "Papa: A Memoir of a Hero and a Mentor for the Illegal Displaced People, Rev. Dr. Saw Simon" (2020), iUniverse
  26. Nawyn, Stephanie J., "Institutional Structures of Opportunity in Refugee Resettlement: Gender, Race", Ethnicity, and Refugee NGOs, 2010, pp.37(1), 149~167
  27. From Struggle to Resilience: The Economic Impact of Refugees in America, "New American Economy", ~ (2017)
  28. Omi, Michael, "Racial Formation in the United States" (2014), Routledge
  29. Portes, Alejandro, "The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 530(1), pp.74~96 (1993)
  30. Sarkar, Sucharita, "Food, Memory and Everyday Transnationalism in Chitrita Banerji’S Culinary Memoirs", Post Scriptum: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Literary Studies, 4(2), pp.232~247 (2019)
  31. Sienkiewicz, Holly C., "After the Flight: The Dynamics of Refugee Settlement and Integration", pp.156~182 (2016), Cambridge Scholars Publishing
  32. From ‘There’ to ‘Here’: Refugee Resettlement in Metropolitan America. Metropolitan Policy Program, "Singer, Audrey", The Brookings Institution, ~ (2006)
  33. Suter, Brigitte, "Social Networks and Mobility in Time and Space: Integration Processes of Burmese Karen Resettled Refugees in Sweden", Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(1), pp.700~717 (2021)
  34. Tošić, Jelena, "Memories on the Move: Experiencing Mobility, Rethinking the Past", pp.1~16 (2016), Palgrave Macmillan
  35. Van Selm, Joanne, "Public-Private Partnerships in Refugee Resettlement: Europe and the US", Journal of International Migration and Integration, 4(2), pp.157~175 (2003)
  36. Vertovec, Steven, "Conceiving and Researching Transnational ism", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), pp.447~462 (1999)
  37. Vertovec, Steven, "Transnationalism" (2009), Routledge
  38. 국무부, "통계 자료", ~
  39. 세종아카데미, "연례보고서", ~
  40. Office of Refugee Resettlement, "각호. Annual Report to Congress", ~
  41. Department of State, "각호. Proposed Refugee Admissions", ~

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (4건)

미얀마 2021: 예견된 군부 쿠데타, 예견치 못한 내전과 이중정부 시대박은홍pp. 1-41The Role of Foreign Direct Investment on Ecological Footprint of the ASEAN-5 NationsXuexia Zheng, UTAI UPRASENpp. 43-91미얀마 3대 불교 성지의 역사성과 전통성 연구주경미pp. 93-140여론이 정부의 해외투자자본 수용 결정에 미치는 영향 - 인도네시아 사례를 중심으로박희경pp. 185-237
원문 보기