전지구적 여성주의와 초국가적 여성주의들
Global Feminism and Transnational Feminisms
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이 글은 전지구적 여성주의(global feminism)와 초국가적 여성주의들(transnational feminisms)을 전지구적인 여성에 대한 폭력추방운동과 여성인권개념의 등장과 확산에 초점을 두어 개념화 하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 현재 진행형으로 논의 중인 이 두 여성 주의의 영역을 가시화하는데 있어, “여성간 차이 다루기”(dealing with differences among women)를 핵심 개념으로 활용한다. 전지구적 여성주의가 여성간의 차이를 가 로지르는 공통성을 추구함으로써 전지구적 네트워크, 연대, 연합을 이루고자 하는 여성 주의자들의 노력이라면, 초국가적 여성주의들은 계급, 인종, 성적 지향, 그리고 국가와 관련한 여성간의 차이들을 신중하게 고려함으로써 전지구적 여성주의의 보편적이고도 제국주의적인 일면을 비판적으로 검토하려는 이론적 논의들이다. 한국 여성폭력추방운동의 전개는 바로 이러한 전지구적 여성주의와 초국가적 여성 주의들의 논의와 맞닿아 있다. 현 가정폭력방지법의 실행과 집행의 보수화, 아내구타 문제의 비범죄화 경향은 바로 그 법제정을 이뤄냈던 운동당시의 맥락, 그 맥락을 활용 한 여성운동의 전략과 관련된다는 점에서 한국여성폭력추방운동의 역사적 전개는 초 국가적 여성주의들의 이론적 논의들로부터 평가받을 수 있다. 그러는 동시에, 전지구 적 여성주의가 추구하는 보편가치는 우리 문화적 맥락의 한계를 극복하고 여성폭력개 념을 정립하는 중요한 정치적 전략이자 목표가 될 수 있다. 이런 점에서 한국의 여성 폭력추방운동은 전지구적으로 그리고 초국가적으로 연계되어 있고 그 역사적 진행에 기여할 수 있다.
Abstract
This article aims to conceptualize the notion of global feminism and transnational feminisms by exclusively focusing on the ways in which the issue of "differences among women" has been dealt with within those two on-going feminist thoughts and practices across borders. Identifying global feminism as a feminist attempt to find common ground, despite complicated differences among women, this article explores the ways in which the issue of violence against women has emerged as a common global problem. It also articulates the ways in which a women's human rights discourse has been developed to resist violations of women's rights committed in the name of respecting cultural differences. The UN conferences on women provided a space for discussing women's shared problems and forging feminist alliances across the world. While global feminism is accused of constructing a general causality in order to establish a united, global political force, transnational feminisms attempt to explore possibilities or impossibilities for feminist coalitions across differences. In this sense, the term "transnational feminisms" refers to theoretical dimensions of feminist coalition building around the globe. Although transnational feminisms share with global feminism an emphasis on coalition building, they reject both the universalizing tendency of formulating agendas and oppositional binaries that pervade global feminist projects. Transnational feminisms seek to theorize differences rather than leave behind or celebrate differences. Based on their postcolonial critique, therefore, transnational feminisms attempt to elaborate feminist theories and practical ideas by criticizing and contradicting the universal and imperialist tendencies of global feminism. By briefly presenting an empirical case study of combating violence against women in the South Korean setting, this article addresses the gap in knowledge surrounding the promotion of a universal human rights language as well as locally situated feminist activities, frameworks and decision making. In order to challenge cultural bias and prejudice, which decriminalize wife beating in the name of protecting family values, this article affirms the necessary for Korean feminist activists to employ women's human rights discourse in terms of global justice. On the other hand, this article shows that the contemporary obstacles that the Korean anti-domestic violence movement confronts, in spite of considerable legal reforms, are closely relevant to socio-political and cultural contexts upon which the movement relied and in which the issue of wife beating was constructed as a public one. In this vein, it concludes that the locally-situated Korean women's movement against violence against women can be discussed within global/transnational feminist discourses and practices as it also makes theoretical and practical contributions to the growing field of feminist studies.
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