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여성창업에 대한 사회적 인식의 국제비교: 젠더관점을 적용한 탐색적 접근

An International Comparative Study on Sociocultural Perception towards Female Startup: An Exploratory Approach via Gender Perspective

원숙연
한국여성연구원 (Korean Women's Institute, Ewha Womans University)|2017.06|여성학논집 (Women's Studies Review)|제34권 제1호|pp. 131-172|DOI 10.18341/wsr.2017.34.1.131

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창업Entrepreneurship기업가 정신국제비교연구StartupGender Regime여성창업젠더-레짐Female StartupsInternational Comparative Study
주제분류여성학

초록

본 연구는 여성창업에 대한 사회문화적 인식을 중심으로 여성창업 환경을 파악하였다. 이를 위해 첫째, 창업을 둘러싼 여성과 남성 간의 불평등한 구조와 젠더유형화 등 여성창업에 부과되는 사회적 압력을 논의하였다. 둘째, 여성창업의 형식적 특성이나 정책내용을 넘어선 사회문화적 인식에 주목하였다. 셋째, 한국, 미국, 영국, 그리고 스웨덴을 대상으로 국제비교를 하였다. 이를 위해 Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring(GEM)의 2013년 National Entrepreneurship Survey(NES)자료를 활용하였다. 연구내용은 첫째, 한국을 비롯한 대상국가 창업의 전반적인 환경으로 창업기회인식, 창업위험, 네트워킹, 창업에 대한 문화적 지원 및 창업에 필요한 인적자본을 파악하였다. 이를 바탕으로 여성창업에 대해서는 첫째, 일-가족 양립지원, 둘째, 여성창업에 대한 문화적 수용과 여성창업권장, 셋째, 창업기회의 평등한 제공, 넷째, 창업기술과 지식의 성별차이를 실증적으로 확인하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 비교대상 국가 모두 여성창업에 대한 문화적 수용은 높은 반면 여성창업에 대한 지원과 권장은 소극적이다. 둘째, 창업기회가 남녀에게 평등하게 제공되는가에 대해서는 비교대상국가 모두에서 현저하게 낮았다. 그러나 여성의 창업기술이나 지식이 남성보다 낮지 않다고 인식하였다. 셋째, 한국은 여성창업에 대한 사회문화적 인식이 다른 나라와 비교해 일관되게 낮았다. 넷째, 여성창업에 대한 인식에서 성별차이는 비교적 크지 않았다. 이상의 결과가 갖는 함의를 심층적으로 논의하였다.

Abstract

Recently startup has been paid attention. However, the link between women and startup is loosely coupled in comparison to startup in general. It is in part because of dichotomy between public (labor market-men) and private (family-women) which is still tenacious in Korean society. Keeping this in mind, this study explores sociocultural perception towards female startup. In doing so, this study takes the following ways which are different from the existing studies on female startup. First of all, this study pays a special attention to gendered implications of female startup. To this end, gender typing and discriminated structure of startup along gender lines are addressed . Secondly, this study sheds light on sociocultural perception towards female startup rather than superficial statistics and state policy for female startup. Third, this study applies a comparative approach. Based on typology of gender regime, the sociocultural perceptions toward female startup for four countries are compared: Korea as family centered model, USA and UK as liberal market model, and Sweden as women friendly equality model. For empirical analysis, data from the National Expert Survey provided by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: GEM) are utilized. For perception towards startup in general, opportunity recognition for startup, risk acceptance, networking with entrepreneurs, cultural supports for startup, and perception towards equality of human capital are compared by country. For female startup in particular, there are four components to be compared; work-family supports for female startup, cultural supports for female start up (social acceptance and encouragement of female startup), gender equality for opportunities of startup, and human capital of female entrepreneurs for starting up. Empirical results are as follows. First of all, albeit variations by country, female start up is socially accepted in general. On the contrary, female start up is not highly encouraged as much as social acceptance. Then, gender equality for opportunity of startup is considerably low regardless of country compared. This result shows the very nature of gendered reality faced by female startups. Interestingly, human capital of female startups is evaluated as high as male startups. Lastly, among countries compared, Korea has the most gendered reality of female startups showing consistently lower social and cultural supports for them. The implications of the results are discussed in depth

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