Universals of Prenasalized Consonants: Phonemic or Derived, Single or Complex?
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Most previous research on prenasalized consonants (Herbert 1975,1977, 1986; Hayes 1991; Hyman 1992) focuses mainly on those derived from two underlying segments and functioning as a unitary segment. However, by examining further data from various languages, this paper proposes that in fact there are four types of prenasalized consonants: phonemic prenasalized consonants as in Fijian, derived prenasalized consonants functioning as a unitary segment as in Kikuyu, derived prenasalized consonants that behave as a complex segment as in Japanese, and phonetically enhanced prenasalized consonants as in Southern Barasano. Additionally, this paper compares phonologically driven prenasalized consonants to morphologically driven ones, arguing that in most cases phonologically driven consonants are developed into a single segment, while in a number of the languages the morphologically driven nasal-plusconsonant sequences turn out to be sequences of a syllabic nasal and a consonant (i.e., NC). Furthermore, based on the typology of prenasalized consonants, this paper argues that phonetic adjustments,such as vowel lengthening or duration of prenasalized consonants,cannot be a cue in deciding their phonemic or phonetic status since some Bantu languages, wherein prenasalized consonants are derived from underlying two segments, behave as a singleton and do not lengthen a preceding vowel. Finally, this paper proposes that irrespective of their diverse realizations, there is only one underlying representation NC, and their distributions can be accounted for in a uniform way based on the roles of universal constraints such as Align-Root-Left, Uniformity, Max-μ, *Complex,and *Coda within the framework of Optimality Theory (McCarthy & Prince 1986).
Abstract
Most previous research on prenasalized consonants (Herbert 1975,1977, 1986; Hayes 1991; Hyman 1992) focuses mainly on those derived from two underlying segments and functioning as a unitary segment. However, by examining further data from various languages, this paper proposes that in fact there are four types of prenasalized consonants: phonemic prenasalized consonants as in Fijian, derived prenasalized consonants functioning as a unitary segment as in Kikuyu, derived prenasalized consonants that behave as a complex segment as in Japanese, and phonetically enhanced prenasalized consonants as in Southern Barasano. Additionally, this paper compares phonologically driven prenasalized consonants to morphologically driven ones, arguing that in most cases phonologically driven consonants are developed into a single segment, while in a number of the languages the morphologically driven nasal-plusconsonant sequences turn out to be sequences of a syllabic nasal and a consonant (i.e., NC). Furthermore, based on the typology of prenasalized consonants, this paper argues that phonetic adjustments,such as vowel lengthening or duration of prenasalized consonants,cannot be a cue in deciding their phonemic or phonetic status since some Bantu languages, wherein prenasalized consonants are derived from underlying two segments, behave as a singleton and do not lengthen a preceding vowel. Finally, this paper proposes that irrespective of their diverse realizations, there is only one underlying representation NC, and their distributions can be accounted for in a uniform way based on the roles of universal constraints such as Align-Root-Left, Uniformity, Max-μ, *Complex,and *Coda within the framework of Optimality Theory (McCarthy & Prince 1986).
참고문헌 (44)
- Anderson, S, "Nasal Consonants and the Internal Structure of Segments", Language, 52(2), pp.326~344 (1976)
- Arnott, D, "The Nominal and Verbal Systems of Fula" (1970), Oxford University Press
- Brownman, C, "Towards an Articulatory Phonology", Phonology Yearbook, 3, pp.219~252 (1986)
- Bruhn, D, "The Phonetic Inventory of Mong Leng. The Linguistic 110 Project", University of California, Berkeley, ~ (2006)
- Burgess, E, "Mutilevel Conditioning of Phoneme Variants in Apinayé", Linguistics, 41, pp.5~18 (1968)
- Chomsky, N, "The Sound Pattern of English" (1968), Harper & Row Publishers
- Antihomorganicity in Apinayé and Hayu: Evidence for Closure Duration as a Phonotactic Variable, "Coffman, I", UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report, 188~224 (2008)
- Cole, J, "Nasal Harmony in Optimal Domain Theory", 석사, pp.1994
- Cole, J, "Paradoxical Strength Condition in Harmony Systems", Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society, pp.17~29 (1995), Amherst, MA: GLSA
- Dixon, R, "A Grammar of Yidiny" (1977), Cambridge University Press
- Evans, N, "Current Issues in the Phonology of Australian Languages in The Handbook of Phonological Theory", pp.798~816 (1995), Blackwell Publishers Ltd
- Feinstein, M, "Prenasalization and Syllable Structure", Linguistic Inquiry, 10(2), pp.245~278 (1979)
- Gudschinsky, S, "Native Reaction and Phonetic Similarity in Maxakali Phonology", Language, 46, pp.77~88 (1970)
- Ham, P, "Apinayé Grammar", Brasilia: SIL-AL-108, ~ (1961)
- Harris, J, "Spanish Phonology" (1969), MIT Press
- Hayes, B, "Compensatory Lengthening in Moraic Phonology", Linguistic Inquiry, 20(2), pp.253~306 (1989)
- Hayes, B, "Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case Studies", 석사, pp.1991
- Herbert, R, "Reanalyzing Prenasalized Consonants", Studies in African Linguistics, 6(2), pp.105~123 (1975)
- Herbert, R, "Phonetic Analysis in Phonological Description: Prenasalized Consonants and Meinhof’s Rule", Lingua, 43, pp.339~373 (1977)
- Herbert, R, "Language Universals, Markedness Theory, and Natural Phonetic Processes" (1986), Mouton de Gruyter
- Hubbard, K, "Morafication and Syllabification in Bantu Languages", Journal of African Language and Linguistics, 16, pp.137~155 (1995)
- Hubbard, K, "Prenasalized Consonants and Syllable Timing: Evidence from Runyambo and Luganda", Phonology, 12, pp.235~256 (1995)
- Hyman, L, "Moraic Mismatch in Bantu", Phonology, 9, pp.255~265 (1992)
- Hyman, L, "Two Kinds of Moraic Nasals in Ciyao", Studies in African Linguistics, 26, pp.131~163 (1997)
- Kager, R, "Optimality Theory" (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Kanai, Y, "A Case against the Morphophonemic-Allophonic Principle", Linguistic Inquiry, 13, pp.320~323 (1982)
- Ladefoged, P, "The Sounds of the World’s Languages" (1996), Blackwell Publishers Ltd
- Maddieson, I, "Prenasalized Stops and Speech Timing", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 19(2), pp.57~66 (1989)
- McCarthy, J, "Prosodic Morphology I: Constraint Interaction and Satisfaction", 석사, pp.1993
- McCarthy, J, "Faithfulness and Identity in Prosodic Morphology in The Prosody-Morphology Interface", pp.218~309 (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Milner, G, "Fijian Grammar" (1956), Government Press
- Nash, D, "Yidiny Stress: A Metrical Account in Proceedings of the 9th Annual of the North East Linguistics Society, CUNY Forum", pp.112~130 (1979), Queens College Press
- Odden, D, "The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi" (1996), Clarendon Press
- Piggott, G, "Variability in Feature Dependency: The Case of Nasality", Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 10, pp.33~78 (1992)
- Prince, A, "Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar", 석사, pp.1993
- Rivas, A, "Nasalization in Guarani", Papers from the 5th Annual Meeting of the North Eastern Linguistic Society, pp.134~143 (1974)
- Ruhlen, M, "A Guide to the World’s Languages" (1987), Stanford University Press
- Scott, N, "Nasal Consonants in Land Dayak in Honor of Daniel Jones" (1964), Longman
- 탁진영, "Typological Analysis of Two Types of Prenasalized Consonants (NC) in Bantu: Their Moraic Representations", 언어, 31(3), pp.463~493 (2006), 한국언어학회
- Termes, E, "A Grammatical Hierarchy of Joining in Trends in Linguistics: Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages in Europe", pp.11~22 (1986), Mouton de Gruyter
- Vaysman, O, "Segmental Alternations and Metrical Theory", 박사, pp.2009
- Welmers, W, "African Language Structures" (1978), University of California Press
- Wiswall, W, "Fula Consonant Gradation: In Support of Radical Underspecification", Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, pp.429~444 (1989)
- Yamane-Tanaka, N, "The Implicational Distribution of Prenasalized Stops in Japanese in", pp.123~156 (2005), Walter de Gruyter