19세기 전반 유럽 풍경화가의 광학도구 카메라 루시다의 사용 분석 - 영국 풍경화가 존 헤어셜, 바실 홀, 존 셀 코트만을 중심으로

Abstract

This treatise investigates the using of the camera lucida as the representative optical instrument for drawing in the first half of the 19 th century in Europe. Invented in 1806 by the English scientist W H Wollaston (1766-1828), the camera lucida had been manufactured since 1807 and widely used by many European landscape painters. In order to examine the effects and problems of using the camera lucida this treatise analyses the drawings made with the camera lucida by amateur and professional painters during 1810s and 1840s in England; firstly, the two portrait drawings by the painters, John and Cornelius Varley and secondly, the landscape drawings by the scientist John F. W. Herschel and the navy officer Basil Hall and thirdly, the topographic drawings of the famous watercolorist John Sell Cotman (1782-1842) who successfully used the device for drawing architectural momuments and natural surroudings. The beneficial elements of the camera lucida were the rapid speed and the drawings of outlines as well as perspective lines which were more necessary to amateur artists than professional. On the problems of the device some professional painters pointed out the inaccuracy of outlines and perspective lines and were not content with the line quality. None the less the camera lucida had been widely used by the landscapists during the 19 th century, because they could easily bring it outside and draw objects directly in the nature, and it was more convenient than the rival media, the camera obscura.