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일본의 동남아시아 지역전략의 변화: 전략적 ODA활용을 사례로

Changes of Japan’s Strategy to Southeast Asia A Case Study of Strategic Use of ODA

김승현
일본학연구소 (The Institute of Japanese Studies)|2024.12|일본공간 (JAPAN SPACE)|제36호|pp. 91-133

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공적개발원조남중국해South China SeaOfficial Development AssistanceJapan Coast Guard일본-동남아시아 관계해상보안청일본국제협력기구비전통적 안보위협Japan-Southeast Asia RelationsJapan International Cooperation AgencyNon-traditional Security Threats
주제분류지역학

초록

본 논문은 일본의 동남아시아 지역전략이 경제중심에서 경제 및 안보지원으로 확대되는 과정을 ODA의 전략적 활용을 사례로 분석한다. 일본의 동남아시아 접근은 전후 국제사회로의 복귀와 경제성장을 목적으로 하였으며, 유사전쟁배상의 형태를한 경제지원을 중심으로 진행되었다. 그러나 일본의 경제이익 중심의 접근은 다양한 비판에 직면하였으며, 특히 동남아시아 지역의 반일감정을 초래하였다. 이에 대응 하기 위해 일본은 “후쿠다 독트린(福田ドクトリン)”을 수립, 경제지원의 양적 및 질적 변화와 함께 체계적인 지역전략의 토대를 마련하였다. 1990년대 이후 동남아시아 지역의 비전통적 안보위협의 증대와 이를 해결하기 위한 역내 리더십의 부재를 배경으로, 일본은 다자간 안보협력 및 양자간 해상 법집행능력 지원을 통해 대응하고자 하였다. 또한 2010년을 전후로 중국이 해양이익에 대한 강경한 대응을 보이기 시작하였으며, 일본 및 동남아시아 국가들과의 영토분쟁이 고조되기 시작하였다. 이와 같은 해양공간에서의 안보환경의 변화를 바탕으로, 일본은 ODA의 전략적 이용을 통해 필리핀, 베트남 등 주요 동남아시아 국가들과의 해상 법집행 능력의 지원을 본격하 하였다. 이를 통해 일본은 동남아시아 지역의 해양 안정을 도모하였으며, 경제적 관계에서 나아가 안보적 차원의 협력 강화를 통해 “자유롭고 열린 인도태평양 (Free and Open Indo-Pacific)” 비전의 실현을 추구하고 있다.

Abstract

This paper analyzes the changes in Japan’s regional approach to Southeast Asia, evolving from a focus on economic support to encompass both economic and security assistance, with the strategic application of Official Development Assistance (ODA) as a case study. Since the early 1950s, Japan’s approach to Southeast Asia aimed at post-war reintergration into the international community and economic rehabilitation, mainly through quasi-war reparations in the form of economic aid. However, Japan’s profit-oriented approach faced various criticisms in the 1970s, notably inciting anti-Japanese centiments within the region. To address these issues, Japan announced the “Fukuda Doctrine,” establishing a foundation for a more structured, long-term regional strategy with both quantitative and qualitative enhancements in economic assistance. After the Cold War, Japan began to recognize the rise of non-traditional security threats in Southeast Asia, particularly piracy and armed robbery issues, and the lack of regional leadership to address them. Since the 2000s, Japan has called for multilateral security cooperation and provided bilateral support for maritime law-enforcement capabilities to help maintain the stability in the regional maritime domain. Around 2010, China began asserting its maritime interests more aggressively, leading to escalated territorial disputes with Japan and Southeast Asian states. Against this backdrop of shifting security dynamics in the maritime domain, Japan has strategically employed ODA to support the maritime law enforcement capabilities of key Southeast Asian states, particularly the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Through these efforts, Japan has promoted maritime stability in Southeast Asia and strengthened security cooperation beyond economic relations, advancing its “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” vision.

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