중국의 국치와 기억의 정치
National Humiliation and the Politics of Memory in Modern China
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
In China, there exists a special historical context of national humiliation discourse that goes beyond the simple propaganda of the state’s nationalism. The “100 Years of National Humiliation” is a concept that defines the historical character of modern China for a century since the Opium War. It refers to the great humiliation that the Chinese people suffered in modern Chinese history from the Opium War in 1840 to the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, when they were forced to sign unequal treaties by imperialist capital and armed invasion, thereby losing a large amount of national interests and sovereignty of the state. The unequal treaty, which is the core concept of National Humiliation that clearly highlights the injustice of the infringement of national sovereignty, is a history of humiliation and modern Chinese history itself, with over 1,000 unequal treaties, agreements, and charters signed with Western powers, starting with the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 and ending with the abolition of the unequal treaties in 1943. The so-called ‘100 years of National Humiliation’ is based on the perception that it is a history of humiliation that began with the unequal treaty. Through the process of forming the discourse of ‘National Humiliation’ in Chinese history, I will examine the meaning of National Humiliation and its political function. In particular, I will analyze the dual nature of National Humiliation, which is self-criticism and external resistance, and its influence on the legitimacy and foundation of Chinese rule, and how each political group in China utilizes it to overcome national and political crises. Finally, I will analyze the phenomenon of National Humiliation acting as a driving force for nationalism in a situation where it remains as a historical memory rather than an ongoing process, and examine the problems it raises for contemporary China, which is emerging as a great power in the 21st century.
Abstract
In China, there exists a special historical context of national humiliation discourse that goes beyond the simple propaganda of the state’s nationalism. The “100 Years of National Humiliation” is a concept that defines the historical character of modern China for a century since the Opium War. It refers to the great humiliation that the Chinese people suffered in modern Chinese history from the Opium War in 1840 to the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, when they were forced to sign unequal treaties by imperialist capital and armed invasion, thereby losing a large amount of national interests and sovereignty of the state. The unequal treaty, which is the core concept of National Humiliation that clearly highlights the injustice of the infringement of national sovereignty, is a history of humiliation and modern Chinese history itself, with over 1,000 unequal treaties, agreements, and charters signed with Western powers, starting with the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 and ending with the abolition of the unequal treaties in 1943. The so-called ‘100 years of National Humiliation’ is based on the perception that it is a history of humiliation that began with the unequal treaty. Through the process of forming the discourse of ‘National Humiliation’ in Chinese history, I will examine the meaning of National Humiliation and its political function. In particular, I will analyze the dual nature of National Humiliation, which is self-criticism and external resistance, and its influence on the legitimacy and foundation of Chinese rule, and how each political group in China utilizes it to overcome national and political crises. Finally, I will analyze the phenomenon of National Humiliation acting as a driving force for nationalism in a situation where it remains as a historical memory rather than an ongoing process, and examine the problems it raises for contemporary China, which is emerging as a great power in the 21st century.
참고문헌 (70)
- 小野寺史郎, "國慶與國耻", 동아시아문화연구, 55 (2013)
- 마사 너스바움, "혐오와 수치심" (2015), 민음사
- 梁啟超, "知恥學會叙", 時務報, 40 (1897)
- 壽富, "知耻學會后叙", 時務報, 40 (1897)
- 方士, "論雪國讎宜先勵國恥", 東方雜誌, 1(4) (1904)
- 邵義, "論改訂通商條約與中國前途之關係", 外交報, (227) (1908)
- 吳江, "國恥小史" (1910), 中國圖書公司
- 胡晉接, "中華民國地理新圖" (1914), 亞東圖書館
- 孫鑫源, "國恥鑒" (1915), 上海文明書局
- 趙玉森, "國恥小史續編" (1915), 中國圖書公司
- 殷汝驪, "亡國鑒附國恥錄" (1915), 泰東圖書局
- 知耻社, "國耻(1-2)" (1915), 知耻社
- 黃毅, "中國最近恥辱記" (1915), 國恥社
- 公民救國團, "國恥痛史" (1919), 公民救國團
- 江蘇川沙沈亮棨戟儀, "繪圖官話國恥演說" (1920), 國民教育實進會
- 獨秀, "華洋人血肉價值的貴賤", 向導, (25) (1923)
- 瞿世鎮, "中國國恥紀念史" (1930), 三民圖書公司
- 賈逸君, "中國國恥地理" (1930), 文化學社
- 梁心, "國恥史要" (1931), 日新輿地學社
- 中國國民黨浙江省執行委員會宣傳部, "國定本黨紀念日宣傳大綱集" (1931), 中國國民黨浙江省執行委員會宣傳部
- 民團周刊社, "國恥紀念日" (1938), 民團周刊社
- 中央訓練團, "各種紀念日簡史" (1943), 中央訓練團
- 陶希聖, "百年來兩個潮流一條血路", 中央日報, ~ (1943)
- 中宣部辦公廳, "中國共産黨宣傳工作文獻選編 第３册" (1966), 學習出版社
- 孫文, "國父全集 第三冊" (1973), 中央文物供應社
- 王藝生, "六十年来中國與日本 第6卷" (1980), 三聯書店
- 康有爲, "康有爲政論集 (下)" (1981), 中華書局
- 蔣介石, "總統蔣公思想言論總集 (卷十)" (1984), 中國國民黨中央委員會黨史委員會
- 星恒, "五三十痛史" (1986), 文海出版社
- 中國第二歷史檔案館, "中華民國史檔案資料滙編 第四卷(二)" (1986), 江蘇人民出版社
- 楊國樞, "中國人的心理" (1988), 桂冠圖書公司
- 江澤民, "愛國主義和我國知識分子的使命—在首都青年紀念五四報告會上的講話", 人民日報, ~ (1990)
- 李亦園, "中國人的性格" (1992), 桂冠圖書公司
- 郭廷以, "近代中國史綱(下冊)" (1994), 曉園出版社
- 梁義群, "一百個國恥紀念日" (1995), 中國靑年出版社
- 劉夢溪, "嚴復卷" (1996), 河北教育出版社
- 中国第二歷史檔案館, "中國國民黨中央執行委員會常務委員會會議錄" (2000), 廣西師範大學出版社
- 浦衛忠, "愛國主義與民族精神" (2000), 社會科學文獻出版社
- 羅志田, "亂世潜流 : 民族主義與民國政治" (2001), 上海古籍出版社
- 犬飼裕一, "菊と刀とコーラとピストル:ルース・ベネディクトと日本人論の知識社會學", 北海學園大學學園論集, 118 (2003)
- 黄東蘭, "身體·心性·權力" (2005), 浙江人民出版社
- 宋曉軍, "中國不高興 : 大時代, 大目標及我們的內憂外患" (2009), 江蘇人民出版社
- 郭銳, "中國爲何不高興" (2009), 五洲傳播出版社
- 劉世龍, "濟南事件期間的蔣介石與對日“不抵抗主义”", 史林, (1) (2010)
- 彭南生, "屈辱的記憶: 以“ 廿一条”國耻紀念爲討論中心", 江蘇社會科學, (5) (2010)
- 中共中央文獻硏究室, "十三大以来重要文獻選編(中)" (2011), 中央文獻出版社
- 劉興中, "民國國耻日與國家認同", 碩士, pp.2011
- 蘇全有, "從≪申報≫的報道看“五九國耻紀念日”的興衰", 開封大學學報, 25(3) (2011)
- 汪宏倫, "理解當代中國民族主義: 制度, 情感結構與認識框架", 文化研究, (19) (2014)
- 李玉, "蔣介石在日記中對日“ 雪耻”—以1928年“濟案”爲中心的考察", 暨南學報 (哲學社會科學版), (8) (2015)
- 馬建標, "歷史記憶與國家認同: 一戰前後中國國耻記憶的形成與演變", 近代史硏究, (2) (2017)
- 吳鋒, "1904年美國聖路易斯商品博覽會中國參展情況及歷史影响", 海關與經貿研究, 41(3) (2020)
- 熊斌, "渲染與管控-南京國民政府初國耻教育及两難之境(1927-1930)", 近代中國, (2) (2020)
- 熊斌, "清末民國時期國恥書籍編輯出版研究", 編輯之友 (2021)
- 熊斌, "因應與强化：近代中國的國耻地理教育", 日本侵華南京大屠殺研究, (1) (2022)
- Ruth Benedict, "국화와 칼" (2002), 을유문화사
- Agnes Heller, "The Power of Shame : A Rational Perspective" (1985), Routledge
- Gabriele Taylor, "Pride, shame, and guilt: emotions of self-assessment" (1985), Clarendon Press
- Kekes, John, "Shame and Moral Progress", Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 13(1) (1988)
- Joshua A, Fogel, "The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography" (2000), University of California Press
- Dong Wang, "The Discourse of Unequal Treaties in Modern China", Pacific Affairs, 76(3) (2003)
- Agnes Heller, "Five approaches to the phenomenon of shame", Social Research:An International Quarterly, 70(4) (2003)
- Seo, Jungmin, "Politics of memory in Korea and China : Remembering the comfort women and the Nanjing Massacre", New Political Science, 30(3) (2008)
- Julien A. Deonna, "Differentiating Shame from Guilt", Consciousness and Cognition, 17(4) (2008)
- Qian, Fengqi, "Places of Pain and Shame: Dealing with 'Difficult' Heritage" (2009), Routledge
- William A. Callahan, "China : The Pessoptimist Nation" (2012), Oxford University Press
- Zheng Wang(汪錚), "Never Forget National Humiliation : Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations" (2012), Columbia University Press
- Michael Masterson, "National Humiliation Narratives : Origins and Political Success", Presented at theMidwest Political Science AssociationAnnual Conference (2018)
- "Fromthe Ashes of History: Trauma, National Identity and State-Building in India and Israel" (2020)[URL]
- V. Visana, "Glory and Humiliation in the Making of V. D. Savarkar's Hindu Nationalism", Historical Journal, 66(1) (2023)