국립중앙박물관 소장 로프노르ㆍ누란 출토품과 오타니 탐험대의 조사
Lop Nor and Loulan Artifacts in the National Museum of Korea and Ōtani Expeditions
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This article deals with the problems regarding the identification of the Lop Nor and Loulan artifacts housed in the National Museum of Korea and Tachibana Zuichō’s (1890-1968) expeditions that involve excavation and acquisition of archaeological finds in the Loulan region. The first part of the article discusses the problems regarding the identification of the Lop Nor and Loulan artifacts. According to the record of the Joseon Governor General Museum (1915-1945), thirty-five artifacts are known to have been found in the Loulan region. Among several publications that feature these artifacts, Chōsen kobijutsu taikan vol. 3 is worth noting. The plates in this publication enabled Folke Bergman (1902-1945), who excavated Ördek‘s necropolis, now better known as Xiaohe Tombs, to notice the similarity between the artifacts he found in the Ördek‘s necropolis and the objects in Ōtani Collection then housed in the Joseon Governor General Museum. After the establishment of the National Museum of Korea in 1945, the provenances and dates of Loulan artifacts were reexamined in the catalogues published in 1986, 2003, and 2016. The catalogue in 2003 is notable in that several artifacts (Bon 4029, 4138) were newly identified as Bronze Age artifacts from Loulan based on the comparison with the archaeological finds from the excavations of Xiaohe Tombs carried out since in 2002. The newly published catalogue in 2016 identified more artifacts including Bon 4030, 4127, 3993, 4041 as to be related to Xiaohe Tomb finds. Furthermore, based on the scientific investigations and careful observation of individual artifacts, it was concluded that twenty-eight artifacts are from the Loulan region. The second part deals with the Tachibana’s expeditions to the Loulan region. Tachibana participated in the second and third Ōtani expeditions, and visited the Loulan region in 1909-1911. On the basis of fragmentary information found in newspapers, letters, and travelogues, it is possible to identify the sites that Tachibana excavated in Loulan, which are L.A., L.K., L.M., Endere, Koyumal, and Bash-Koyumal. Among the finds from Charklik (most likely Koyumal, which is located nearby) are included “earthenware” and “ritual iron pot.” In previous scholarship, it was proposed that earthenware pieces registered as Bon 4108 and 4112 are the “earthenware” that Tachibana excavated in Charklik. To this list of finds, we can add the pottery registered as Bon 4119. As to the “ritual iron pot,” it corresponds to the Bon 4177 “iron pot,” which was lost during the Korean War. The formal and stylistic features of the wooden pillar (bon 3818) is found among the wooden pillars found in L.A. site, and there is a possibility that it was find during Tachibana’s excavations of the site. In addition to excavations, Tachibana collected archaeological finds through acquisitions. The extant records inform that Tachibana purchased artifacts from Merdek-shahr and also the antiquities from the amban in Charklik. Considering the observations of Bergman and the locals, Tachibana purchased the artifacts that are associated with the Xiaohe Tomb (Bon 3993, 4029, 4030, 4041, 4127, 4138) from the Charklik amban who collected antiquities from the local treasure-seekers.
Abstract
This article deals with the problems regarding the identification of the Lop Nor and Loulan artifacts housed in the National Museum of Korea and Tachibana Zuichō’s (1890-1968) expeditions that involve excavation and acquisition of archaeological finds in the Loulan region. The first part of the article discusses the problems regarding the identification of the Lop Nor and Loulan artifacts. According to the record of the Joseon Governor General Museum (1915-1945), thirty-five artifacts are known to have been found in the Loulan region. Among several publications that feature these artifacts, Chōsen kobijutsu taikan vol. 3 is worth noting. The plates in this publication enabled Folke Bergman (1902-1945), who excavated Ördek‘s necropolis, now better known as Xiaohe Tombs, to notice the similarity between the artifacts he found in the Ördek‘s necropolis and the objects in Ōtani Collection then housed in the Joseon Governor General Museum. After the establishment of the National Museum of Korea in 1945, the provenances and dates of Loulan artifacts were reexamined in the catalogues published in 1986, 2003, and 2016. The catalogue in 2003 is notable in that several artifacts (Bon 4029, 4138) were newly identified as Bronze Age artifacts from Loulan based on the comparison with the archaeological finds from the excavations of Xiaohe Tombs carried out since in 2002. The newly published catalogue in 2016 identified more artifacts including Bon 4030, 4127, 3993, 4041 as to be related to Xiaohe Tomb finds. Furthermore, based on the scientific investigations and careful observation of individual artifacts, it was concluded that twenty-eight artifacts are from the Loulan region. The second part deals with the Tachibana’s expeditions to the Loulan region. Tachibana participated in the second and third Ōtani expeditions, and visited the Loulan region in 1909-1911. On the basis of fragmentary information found in newspapers, letters, and travelogues, it is possible to identify the sites that Tachibana excavated in Loulan, which are L.A., L.K., L.M., Endere, Koyumal, and Bash-Koyumal. Among the finds from Charklik (most likely Koyumal, which is located nearby) are included “earthenware” and “ritual iron pot.” In previous scholarship, it was proposed that earthenware pieces registered as Bon 4108 and 4112 are the “earthenware” that Tachibana excavated in Charklik. To this list of finds, we can add the pottery registered as Bon 4119. As to the “ritual iron pot,” it corresponds to the Bon 4177 “iron pot,” which was lost during the Korean War. The formal and stylistic features of the wooden pillar (bon 3818) is found among the wooden pillars found in L.A. site, and there is a possibility that it was find during Tachibana’s excavations of the site. In addition to excavations, Tachibana collected archaeological finds through acquisitions. The extant records inform that Tachibana purchased artifacts from Merdek-shahr and also the antiquities from the amban in Charklik. Considering the observations of Bergman and the locals, Tachibana purchased the artifacts that are associated with the Xiaohe Tomb (Bon 3993, 4029, 4030, 4041, 4127, 4138) from the Charklik amban who collected antiquities from the local treasure-seekers.
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