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명대 고려⋅조선에 대한 詔書 반포와 그 추이 - 洪武 연간에서 임진왜란 이전까지 -

Announcement of Imperial Edicts to Joseon in Ming Period: From the Beginning of Ming Dynasty to the Eve of Imjin War, 1368-1591

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규장각한국학연구원 (Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies)|2022.06|한국문화|제98호|pp. 185-223|DOI 10.22943/han.2022..98.007

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詔書조선Joseon명頒詔가정제의 禮制 개혁책봉-조공 관계Imperial Edict (詔書)Announcement of Dynastic EventsMing ChinaJiajing Ritual ReformTributary Relationship
주제분류기타인문학

초록

This article studied Ming’s perception of Joseon by examining its announcement of imperial edicts on dynastic events to the kingdom. Ming empire sent imperial envoys to Joseon for various reasons, such as investiture of Joseon kings and proclamation of imperial edicts on dynastic events. Particularly, announcing dynastic affairs by reading aloud the imperial edicts in front of the Joseon king and his subjects was regarded as a very ceremonious and prestigious ritual that symbolized Ming’s overlordship reaching beyond the Sino-Korean border. However, it was not the case that all imperial edicts were officially transmitted to Joseon. On the contrary, the Ming dynasty was very selective on which issues could be disseminated to Joseon and which matters shouldn’t be. In the early years of their reign, Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) and Yongle (r. 1402-1424) Emperors actively sent envoys to Joseon to announce various national events. From as late as the Xuande reign (1425-1435), however, Ming emperors stopped the dissemination of most imperial edicts. Instead, they only sent envoys to notify Joseon of the enthronement of emperors themselves and the establishment of their crown princes. Procedures of announcing imperial edicts to Joseon were fully established by the restoration of the Yingzong Emperor (1457) and continued until the Zhengde reign (1505-1521). Jiajing Emperor (1521-1567), who enthusiastically sought to build his legitimacy with reform of rituals, decided to add the birth of the eldest sons of emperors to the issues to be disseminated to Joseon. Also, he sent envoys to announce his best ritual achievement, the dedication of new titles to heaven and his ancestors along with setting his father in the imperial ancestral temple as a proper emperor. Afterward, his descendants dispatched special messengers with imperial edicts to Joseon when Ming emperors were enthroned, the crown princes were appointed, and the eldest sons of emperors were born. Still, Ming’s announcement of its dynastic events was very limited. Compared to Mongol Empire and Qing dynasty, Ming was reluctant to send envoys to Joseon and proclaim imperial edicts. Ming considered Joseon as an area fundamentally different from the China proper, a far-away region where imperial authority can be transmitted only indirectly. Contrary to the common sense about the “tributary system”, Ming was not interested in practicing “tributary” rituals frequently outside its border.

Abstract

This article studied Ming’s perception of Joseon by examining its announcement of imperial edicts on dynastic events to the kingdom. Ming empire sent imperial envoys to Joseon for various reasons, such as investiture of Joseon kings and proclamation of imperial edicts on dynastic events. Particularly, announcing dynastic affairs by reading aloud the imperial edicts in front of the Joseon king and his subjects was regarded as a very ceremonious and prestigious ritual that symbolized Ming’s overlordship reaching beyond the Sino-Korean border. However, it was not the case that all imperial edicts were officially transmitted to Joseon. On the contrary, the Ming dynasty was very selective on which issues could be disseminated to Joseon and which matters shouldn’t be. In the early years of their reign, Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) and Yongle (r. 1402-1424) Emperors actively sent envoys to Joseon to announce various national events. From as late as the Xuande reign (1425-1435), however, Ming emperors stopped the dissemination of most imperial edicts. Instead, they only sent envoys to notify Joseon of the enthronement of emperors themselves and the establishment of their crown princes. Procedures of announcing imperial edicts to Joseon were fully established by the restoration of the Yingzong Emperor (1457) and continued until the Zhengde reign (1505-1521). Jiajing Emperor (1521-1567), who enthusiastically sought to build his legitimacy with reform of rituals, decided to add the birth of the eldest sons of emperors to the issues to be disseminated to Joseon. Also, he sent envoys to announce his best ritual achievement, the dedication of new titles to heaven and his ancestors along with setting his father in the imperial ancestral temple as a proper emperor. Afterward, his descendants dispatched special messengers with imperial edicts to Joseon when Ming emperors were enthroned, the crown princes were appointed, and the eldest sons of emperors were born. Still, Ming’s announcement of its dynastic events was very limited. Compared to Mongol Empire and Qing dynasty, Ming was reluctant to send envoys to Joseon and proclaim imperial edicts. Ming considered Joseon as an area fundamentally different from the China proper, a far-away region where imperial authority can be transmitted only indirectly. Contrary to the common sense about the “tributary system”, Ming was not interested in practicing “tributary” rituals frequently outside its border.

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