『율리시스』의 「칼립소」장 다시 읽기 — 리오폴드 블룸의 쾌락적 아침식사와 일탈
Rereading “Calypso” in Ulysses — Leopold Bloom’s Hedonistic Breakfast and Deviation
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아일랜드 작가 제임스 조이스(James Joyce)의 1922년 소설 『율리시스』(Ulysses)는 1904년 6월 16일 하루 동안 주인공 리오폴드 블룸(Leopold Bloom)이 더블린(Dublin) 거리를 유랑하면서 실천하는 일상 속의 일탈을 표현한 텍스트이다. 블룸의 일탈은 다양한 층위에서 일어나지만, 그 중 대표적인 일탈의 형태는 음식을 먹는 행위와 관련된다. 본 논문은 「칼립소」장에서 블룸이 누리는 아침식사의 쾌락에 초점을 맞추어, 음식을 먹는 행위와 이를 통한 일탈이 유발하는 효과와 의미를 살펴보는 것을 주된 목적으로 한다. 블룸에게 있어 음식을 먹는 행위는 쾌락의 원천이자, 『율리시스』라는 실험적인 텍스트를 잉태하는 힘이라는 것이 본고의 전제이다. 이에 더하여 본 논문에서 살펴보고자 하는 것은 블룸이 취하는 쾌락적 소비에 결부된 불안의 정서이다. 블룸은 음식을 소비하는 행위를 통해 쾌락을 누리지만, 쾌락적 소비행위에는 모종의 죄책감과 불안의 감정이 뒤따른다. 본고는 쾌락과 불안의 공존이 텍스트에 기입된 양상을 분석하고, 더 나아가 쾌락에 동반하는 불안의 근거에 대해 생각해보고자 한다.
Abstract
This paper explores the aspects of Leopold Bloom’s eating that are represented in “Calypso,” the fourth episode of James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922). In epitomizing the ethos of modern metropolitan flâneur, Bloom, with his prosaic wandering, tastes and digests a broad range of cuisines throughout the entire text. As a Hungarian Jew in Dublin and a cultural transgressor, Bloom, for all his desire for pleasure, savors forbidden foods, including the pork kidney not included in the category of Jewish kosher. Representing a resistance to the culture of exclusion, Bloom’s eating creates his individual pleasure and the pleasure of Ulysses — recognizable for its inclusiveness and heterogeneousness. However, while profiting pleasures from the transgressive eating, Bloom becomes preoccupied with a sense of guilt and anxiety, although such feelings are often repressed in his mind. In keeping with this idea, my discussion of “Calypso” examines how the text presents the combination of pleasure and anxiety, by focusing on Bloom’s transgression from kosher. To speculate about the reasons for Bloom’s anxiety, this article tries to unravel a sequence of images inscribed in “Calypso,” which, in fact, betray Bloom’s anxiety of consumption.
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