파열음의 함의 관계는 얼마나 유효한가?
How Valid Are the Implicational Relationships between Plosives?
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
보편 문법에서 언급되는 함의 관계가 절대적이지 않다는 사실은 널리 알려져 있으나, 어느 정도 유효한지를 대규모 언어 자료에 근거하여 검토한 적은 별로 없다. 이 글에서는 Lee(2020)에 수록된 4,356개 언어의 파열음 목록을 분석하여 몇몇 함의 관계의유효성 정도를 다루면서 그 특성도 함께 살펴보았다. 우선, 유성 파열음이 무성 파열음의 존재를 함의하는 비율은 높은 편이지만, 어족이나 파열음의 종류에 따라 적지 않은편차를 보인다. 이차 조음을 동반하는 복합 파열음은 평 파열음의 존재를 높은 비율로함의하며, 특히 복합 유성 파열음은 그에 대응하는 평 파열음뿐만 아니라 4항 대립의 파열음 체계를 함의한다. 조음 위치와 관련해서는 파열음의 유성성 여부에 따라 조음 위치에 따른 함의 관계가 일부 성립한다. 동시 조음을 지니는 양순-연구개 파열음의 경우 양순음 또는 연구개음 중 어느 하나 이상의 존재를 함의하지만, 양순음을 함의하는 비율이연구개음을 함의하는 비율보다 더 높다. 파열음의 함의 관계를 대우 형식으로 바꾸었을때 표면적으로는 매우 높은 유효성을 보였지만, 그 원인이 체계적이고 일반적인 함의 관계에 있는 것이 아니라 개별 파열음의 단순 빈도수에 있기 때문에 유의미한 일반화로 인정하기에는 무리가 있다.
Abstract
It is widely known that the implicational relationship, which plays an important role in universal grammar, is not absolute. However, the extent to which it is valid has been rarely studied on the basis of large-scale language data. In this paper, I analyzed the plosive inventories of 4,356 languages in Lee (2020) and examined the validity of some implicational relationships. First, although voiced plosives have a high rate of implying the presence of voiceless plosives, they show considerable variation depending on the language family or types of plosives. Second, complex plosives accompanying various secondary articulations imply the existence of plain plosives at a high rate. In addition, complex voiced plosives imply not only the corresponding plain plosives but also a four-way contrasts. Third, regarding the place of articulation, some implicational relationships are established depending on the voicedness of plosives. Finally, it is examined whether it is valid even if the implicational relationships are changed into the form of contraposition. On the surface, the contrapositions of some implicational relationships are valid at a very high rate. However, since its validity is absolutely determined only by the frequency of individual plosives, it has little to do with the contraposition. Therefore, it is difficult to assign linguistic significance to the contraposition of implicational relationship.
참고문헌 (25)
- Battistella, E., "Markedness: The Evaluative Superstructure of Language" (1990), SUNY Press
- Blevins, J., "Evolutionary Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Patterns" (2004), Cambridge University Press
- Bybee, J., "Phonology and Language Use" (2001), Cambridge University Press
- Daumé, H., "A Bayesian Model for Discovering Typological Implications", Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics, Prague: Association for Computational Linguistics, pp.65~72 (2007)
- Dryer, M. S., "Why Statistical Universals Are Better Than Absolute Universals", Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, pp.123~145 (1998)
- Evans, N., "The Myth of Language Universals: Language Diversity and Its Importance for Cognitive Science", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(5), pp.429~492 (2009)
- Gamkrelidze, T., "On the Correlation of Stops and Fricatives in a Phonological System", Lingua, 35(3), pp.231~261 (1975)
- Greenberg, J. H., "Universals of human language (I): Method and theory", pp.61~92 (1978), Stanford University Press
- Greenberg, J. H., "Synchronic and Diachronic Universals in Phonology", Language, 42(2), pp.508~517 (1966)
- Gurevich, N., "A Critique of Markedness-based Theories in Phonology", Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 31(2), pp.1~29 (2001)
- Hayes, B., "Functionalism and Formalism in Linguistics (I): General Papers", pp.243~285 (1999), John Benjamins
- Hyman, L., "Universals in Phonology", The Linguistic Review, 25, pp.81~135 (2008)
- Jacobson, R., "Universals of Language", pp.263~278 (1963), MIT Press
- Lee, J., "Inventories of the Plosive in the World’s Languages" (2020), Jipmoondang
- Maddieson. I., "Testing the Universality of Phonological Generalizations with a Phonetically Specified Segment Database: Results and Limitations", Phonetica, 48(2-4), pp.193~206 (1991)
- Maddieson, I., "Patterns of sounds" (1984), Cambridge University Press
- Moreton, E., "Analytic Bias and Phonological Typology", Phonology, 25(1), pp.83~127 (2008)
- Nartey, J., "A Study in Phonemic Universals: Especially Concerning Fricatives and Stops", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 46, pp.1~89 (1979)
- Nchare, A., "The Grammar of Shupamem", Doctor, pp.2012
- Pericliev, V., "Implicational Phonological Universals", Folia Linguistica, 42(1), pp.195~225 (2008)
- Pinkerton, S., "Experimental phonology", pp.125~139 (1986), Academic Press
- Rice, K., "The Cambridge handbook of phonology", pp.79~97 (2007), Cambridge University Press
- Sherman, D., "Stop and Fricative Systems: A Discussion of Paradigmatic Gaps and the Question of Language Sampling", Working Papers in Language Universals, 17, pp.1~31 (1975)
- Watts, E., "Markedness and Implicational Relationships in Phonological Development: A Longitudinal, Cross-linguistic Investigation", Doctor, pp.2018
- Woodland, A., "A Grammatical Description of the Kachi Gujerati Language of Sindh, Pakistan", Master, pp.1998