신시고국 환웅족 문화의 ‘해’ 상징과 천신신앙의 지속성

Abstract

Now ancient history is regarded to be one vertex, but, at that time in the past, diverse tribes would be formed by being repeatedly reorganized themselves. Racial culture also formed a fixed pattern by being exchanged and harmonized with diverse culture. Therefore, to capture identity and continuity of Gojoseon, synchronic existence and diachronic transmission of culture should be captured together. Gojoseon was established by combination between Hwanung Tribe and Gom(bear) Tribe after Beom(tiger) Tribe’s departure while Hwanung Tribe, Gom Tribe and Beom Tribe in Sinsigoguk were in heated competition. Gom Tribe assimilated with Hwanung Tribe by being suited to sedentary lifestyle and agricultural culture of Hwangung Tribe, but Beom Tribe departed from sedentary lifestyle and agricultural culture of Hwangung Tribe. Nevertheless, some scholars strive to find Gojoseon culture from Paleoasiatics or Tungus based on Gom Tribe, not from Hwanung Tribe’s agricultural culture and belief in the heavenly gods. They also turned away that Beom culture occupies larger weight than Gom culture in folk culture. To consider historical process and cultural tradition together and to capture identity of folk culture, it should be disclosed in a proper way that belief in the heavenly gods based on Hwangung Tribe which is the founding subject of Gojoseon, not Gom Tribe, is continued. Hwanin, Hwanung and Dangun express heaven, light and brightness as heavenly gods or their descendants. It is Haemosu and Haeburu, the progenitor of Buyeo, to materialize the above tradition more. Haemosu had his last name as Hae (sun), and came down from the heaven in the morning to manage the country and went up to the heaven. Jumon, the progenitor of Goguryeo, was born as an egg from Mrs. Yuhwa receiving the sunlight. Therefore, the founding progenitor symbolizes ‘the sun’ itself or is regarded to be the heavenly god or his descendant, which is the core of belief in the heavenly gods as the sun religion. It shows tradition revering ‘Hae (the sun)’ as a heavenly god that ‘Hae(the sun)’ calling the sun as a heavenly god and ‘Hae (year)’ meaning one year in the calendar have the same pronunciation. Culture of belief in the heavenly gods is more materialized in the appearance method of founding progenitor, king name meaning the sun, national name like Asadal, Joseon and Buyeo and the process of succession to the throne. And ancient national rituals such as Buyeo’s Yeonggo, Goguryeo’s Dongmaeng, Ye’s Mucheon and Han’s Jecheon formed a national gut as a ritual of belief in the heavenly gods symbolizing the heaven, the sun and the east and a festival revering agriculture god. Such tradition has been handed down until now as a village gut like Mahan’s Sodo and Cheongun’s belief in the heavenly gods. Therefore, the root of racial culture should be found from culture of belief in the heavenly gods of Hwanung Tribe which is the founding subject of Sinsigoguk and a main group to found Gojoseon, not from culture of Paleoasiatics or Tungus symbolized as Gom Tribe.