Aging and the microbiome: implications for health and disease
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The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaininghost homeostasis, and the aging process profoundly influencesits composition and function. Accumulating evidence suggeststhat alterations in the gut microbiota are not just a consequenceof aging, but also an active driver of age-related physiologicaldecline. In particular, age-dependent gut microbiotadysbiosis has emerged as a critical factor contributing to hostaging and aging-related diseases. This review systematicallysummarizes alterations in the gut microbiota (e.g., reducedalpha diversity, depletion of beneficial commensals, and enrichmentof pathobionts) during the aging process, and discussesthe spatiotemporal dynamics and causal relationships betweenmicrobial aging and host aging. The regulatory mechanisms bywhich the gut microbiota influences aging-related diseases,such as metabolic disorders (e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes, andcardiovascular disease), immunosenescence, and neurodegenerativediseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’sdisease), are also elucidated. Finally, microbiota-targeted interventionstrategies (e.g., probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics)are explored, together with advanced research strategies.
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaininghost homeostasis, and the aging process profoundly influencesits composition and function. Accumulating evidence suggeststhat alterations in the gut microbiota are not just a consequenceof aging, but also an active driver of age-related physiologicaldecline. In particular, age-dependent gut microbiotadysbiosis has emerged as a critical factor contributing to hostaging and aging-related diseases. This review systematicallysummarizes alterations in the gut microbiota (e.g., reducedalpha diversity, depletion of beneficial commensals, and enrichmentof pathobionts) during the aging process, and discussesthe spatiotemporal dynamics and causal relationships betweenmicrobial aging and host aging. The regulatory mechanisms bywhich the gut microbiota influences aging-related diseases,such as metabolic disorders (e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes, andcardiovascular disease), immunosenescence, and neurodegenerativediseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’sdisease), are also elucidated. Finally, microbiota-targeted interventionstrategies (e.g., probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics)are explored, together with advanced research strategies.